丁醇汽油发动机低温冷启动的排放特性

在点进气道电控喷射汽油机台架上,分别使用汽油、B10和B30这3种燃料在-7℃环境温度下,对冷启动过程中催化剂后的常规排放和非常规排放特性进行了研究,利用化学动力学方法,分析了非常规排放物的主要形成途径.结果表明:在冷启动的最初120 s内,随着燃料中丁醇比例的增大,3种燃油的HC排放量和CO排放量逐步减少;每种燃料的HC和CO排放量均是先增加再减少;对于非常规污染物,随着燃油中丁醇体积分数从10%增加到30%,乙烯排放体积分数提高37.0%,甲醛排放量增加67.6%,乙醛排放量增加69.9%,苯排放量减少40.5%,甲烷排放体积分数减少16.0%,乙炔排放体积分数变化不明显.     

直喷汽油机起动过程多环芳烃排放的研究

通过采用3种含氧燃料:汽油、添加体积分数为10%乙醇的乙醇汽油燃料(E10)、添加体积分数为15%甲醇的甲醇汽油燃料(M15),对直喷汽油机起动过程的多环芳烃(PAHs)排放采用索式萃取法萃取后,再利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行了分析。结果表明,E10燃料在水温为20℃时冷起动和水温为80℃时热起动所排放的PAHs较纯汽油分别降低了39.03%和23.78%,M15燃料在水温为20℃时冷起动和水温为80℃时热起动所排放的PAHs较纯汽油分别降低了30.17%和66.06%。不同水温下由起动过程排放的PAHs毒性分析得出:水温为20℃冷起动时,E10、M15燃料排放的PAHs总苯并(a)芘毒性等效值较纯汽油分别降低了23.25%和21.47%;水温为80℃热起动时,E10、M15燃料排放的PAHs总苯并(a)芘毒性等效值较纯汽油分别降低了33.26%和50.46%,纯汽油、E10、M15这3种燃料在水温为80℃时热起动较20℃时冷起动分别降低了44.25%、50.80%和64.84%。     

汽油机燃用甲醇及甲醇汽油的性能研究

为了研究汽油机燃用甲醇及甲醇汽油的性能,在一台4G15S汽油机上对甲醇及不同体积比例甲醇汽油的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了对比试验。结果表明:与燃用93#汽油相比,M15、M85及M100功率增加;M15有效燃料消耗率平均上升4.43%、M85平均上升46.53%、M100平均上升57.26%;M15、M85及M100的HC与CO排放随甲醇体积比例增加而降低;而甲醛排放随甲醇体积比例增加而明显增加。     

膜法富氧进气降低点燃式发动机冷起动排放

研究了富氧进气对火花点火发动机冷起动排放的影响.试验在一台四行程、空冷125 mL单缸电控喷射火花点火LPG发动机上进行.试验中分别为发动机供应φO2=21%,23%,25%的进气,实时测量发动机冷起动阶段最初60 s内过量空气系数λ及HC、CO和NOx的排放.试验结果表明,发动机采用富氧进气后,HC和CO的排放量显著降低.与φO2=21%氧浓度进气比较,φO2=23%进气时,冷起动最初60 s内HC与CO排放累计量分别降低46%和54%;φO2=25%进气时,分别降低65%和80%.当进气φO2由23%提高到25%后,HC和CO排放减少量不多,仅为36%和26%,而NOx排放增加明显.因此,使用富氧进气降低冷起动排放时,φO2控制在23%左右为宜.     

M15对增压直喷汽油机小负荷工况下燃烧和性能的影响

在一台缸内直喷汽油机上,针对M15(汽油中甲醇添加体积比例为15%)和M0(汽油中甲醇添加体积比例为0,即纯汽油)两种燃料,试验研究了点火提前角、喷油提前角和喷射压力等控制参数的调整对样机在小负荷、低转速下,燃烧、性能及排放的影响规律和影响差异。研究结果表明:相同喷射脉宽及控制参数条件下,M15汽油的最高燃烧压力比M0的低4%,但最高压力点对应的曲轴转角与M0基本相同。相同喷射脉宽下,燃用M15比燃用M0的发动机输出扭矩下降约10%左右,但燃油经济性有所提高,并分别存在一个点火提前角和喷油提前角,使得转矩最大、燃油消耗率最小,此点火提前角为20°CA(BTDC)、喷油提前角为300°CA(BTDC);而喷射压力对转矩和燃油消耗率影响较小。当使用M15燃料后,HC、CO和NO_x排放均比M0有所降低;M15和M0的HC、CO和NO_x排放均随点火提前角减小而减小;随喷油提前角的变化呈现不规律的变化;喷射压力对HC和NO_x排放的影响不很明显,而对CO呈波动状态。     

预喷对DMF/柴油混合燃料燃烧及排放的影响

分析比较了2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)与柴油的理化性能,研究表明DMF的一些理化性能与柴油很接近.在1台改装过的4缸4冲程水冷增压直喷高压共轨柴油机上,以柴油、柴油与DMF的混合物为燃料进行试验,研究了柴油机的燃烧和排放性能.结果表明预喷射可以降低缸内压力和燃烧放热率.随着喷油定时的提前,缸内压力峰值显著增加,但放热率的峰值下降.较小的预喷射提前角能够降低HC和CO的排放,NOx的排放随着喷油正时的提前而增加,碳烟排放随着喷油正时的提前而减少.随着预喷射定时的提前,核模态粒子的数量显著增加,聚集态粒子的数量相应减少.DMF是一种非常有前景的生物燃料,可以减少HC,CO和碳烟的排放,然而会增加NOx的排放.     

采用氧化催化方法降低DMCC发动机HC和CO排放

研究比较了原机纯柴油燃烧、柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)以及组合燃烧分别加装两种不同的氧化催化转化器等4种燃烧模式下HC和CO的排放规律.DMCC燃烧模式下,随着甲醇替代率的增加,HC和CO排放增加幅度较大.加装氧化催化转化器后,组合燃烧模式下高负荷时HC和CO排放明显减少,甚至低于原机纯柴油燃烧模式,但低负荷时排放降低得不明显.由于两种氧化催化器具有不同的起燃特性,故具有较低起燃温度的氧化催化器可更明显地降低DMCC发动机HC和CO的排放.     

醇类汽油混合燃料发动机排放性能试验研究

不做任何改动或优化调整的情况下,在一台六缸汽油机上对不同比例的醇类汽油混合燃料和纯汽油的排放性能进行对比试验研究。研究结果表明,与纯汽油相比,怠速时,M25的HC排放平均增加50%,M10、E10的HC排放分别平均降低1%、55%;M10、M25、E10的CO排放分别平均降低60%、50%、66%;M10、M25、E10的NOx排放分别平均降低60%、80%、21%。1800 r/min负荷特性下,M25、E10的HC排放分别平均增加81%、60%,M10的HC排放平均降低63%;M10、M25、E10的CO排放分别平均降低48%、29%、46%;M10、M25、E10的NOx排放分别平均降低4%、17%、3%。转速为1400~3000 r/min的外特性下,M25、E10的HC排放分别平均增加65%、45%,M10的HC排放平均下降80%;M10、M25、E10的CO排放分别平均下降56%、80%、44%;M10、M25、E10的NO_x排放分别平均增加1%、12%、9%。     

甲醇-汽油混合燃料对汽油机性能和排放的影响

通过汽油机燃用甲醇-汽油混合燃料（其中甲醇的体积分数为109／6，汽油的体积分数为90％，简称M10燃料）和汽油的对比试验，研究了M10燃料对汽油机性能和排放的影响，并用气相色谱仪测量了尾气中的甲醇和甲醛排放．试验研究表明：汽油机燃用M10燃料对汽油机动力性影响不大，但汽油机有效热效率和燃油经济性提高，排温有所降低；CO和HC排放减少，NOx排放与燃用汽油时相当；甲醇和甲醛排放增加．排气经三效催化转化器后，CO、HC和NOx排放可以被控制在与常规汽油机排放相当的水平，甲醇和甲醛排放可以被控制在接近零排放的水平．     

天然气掺氢火花点火式发动机排放性能研究

在一台天然气掺氢的火花点火发动机上,研究了掺氢比和过量空气系数对发动机排放性能的影响.结果表明,在掺氢比一定时,过量空气系数对 HC、CO、Nox 和 CO2排放有较大的影响.在相同过量空气系数下,随着掺氢比的增加,HC 排放量有所降低,特别是稀燃下的 HC 排放量大幅降低.Nox排放量随掺氢比的增加而增加,而 CO2排放量随掺氢比的增加而减少.掺氢后,发动机的稀燃极限有所提高,稀燃条件下发动机的HC、CO、CO2 和 Nox的排放量比较低.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.