从《算数书》和秦简看上古粮米的比率

《九章算术》、《说文解字》中关于几种粮米的记载互有异同，清代段玉裁等以前者校改后者，并认为在上古时稻和粟都可以舂出粝、粹、檠、御等一系列不同精度的米。现代学者则利用湖北云梦睡虎地出土的秦简和湖北江陵张家山出土的《算数书》对两者都有校订，但在后一问题上仍沿袭清儒的见解。文章在前人的基础上，对这些有关文献进行了新的审视，提出了新的校勘意见，指出《九章算术》和《说文解字》这两种传世文献中的错误比原来认为的要少，《说文解字》只有以粹为敷是后起的，《九章算术》只有檠米和檠饭之率是错误的，上古由粟、稻舂出的米分属两个不同的系列，不能混为一谈。《说文解字》和《九章算术》的作者都没有直接参考过《算数书》，后者也没有直接参考过秦简关于粮米比率的材料。

The Ratios of Several Kinds of Rice in Ancient China--A New Research Based on the Suanshu Shu and Qin Bamboo Strips

The records of several kinds of rice from the Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures and the Shuowen Jiezi have some differences, which have been collated by several scholars referring to the Qin bamboo strips unearthed from Shuih udi of Yunmeng county in Hubei province and the bamboo book Suanshu Shu unearthed from Zhangjia Shan of Jianglin county in Hubei province. This paper provides new collations, and argues that both the Nine Chapters and the Shuowen have fewer mistakes than what they were thought of. The mistakes in the Nine Chapters are only the ratios of the Zuomi and Zuofan, and the rate of Baimi in the Shuowen is not of the early times. The kinds of rice husked from millet and paddy belong to two series, which cannot be confused. The authors of the Shuowen and Nine Chapters did not directly accept the influences of Suanshu Shu.