Drosophila nurse cells produce a posterior signal required for embryonic segmentation and polarity

The segmental pattern of insect embryos depends on influences from morphogenetic centres near each of the egg poles. In Drosophila, maternal effect mutations are known that impair the normal function of each centre. Injection of wild-type cytoplasm into mutant eggs has revealed that morphogenetic signals localized at the anterior and posterior pole of eggs can be transplanted. We show here that these activities can also be detected during oogenesis. Posterior activity can be recovered at an early stage (stage 10, ref. 5) from the oocyte-nurse cell complex, but anterior activity can only be detected in the mature oocytes (stage 14). We conclude that the bicoid-dependent anterior signal, although produced by the nurse cells, does not become active before it is localized to the anterior egg pole, whereas posterior activity can be detected in the nurse cells before, and therefore independently of, its localization to the posterior egg pole.