Cis-regulatory change and expression divergence between duplicate genes formed by genome duplication of Arabidopsis thaliana

As an index of functional divergence, expression divergence between duplicate gene copies has been observed and correlated with protein coding sequence divergence and bias in gene functional classes. However, the changes in the cis-regulatory region of the duplicate genes which is thought to have important role in expression divergence, has not been explored on the genome-wide scale. We analyzed functional genomics data for a large number of duplicated gene pairs formed by ancient polyploidy events in Arabidopsis thaliana. The divergence in cis-regulatory regions between two copies is positively correlated with the magnitude difference of expression. Moreover, we find that highly expressed duplicate gene pairs have a more diverged cis-regulatory region than weakly expressed gene pairs. We also show that the correlation between expression functional constraint and protein functional constraint is different in old and young duplicate pairs. Our results suggest that cis-regulatory sequence divergence contributes to the expression divergence of duplicate genes formed by genome-wide du-plication. Cis-regulatory region diverges faster in highly expressed duplicate pairs. The diversify selection strengths that act on cis-regulatory region and protein coding region are negatively correlated in young duplicate pairs under expression con-straint.