明末熊明遇《格致草》内容探析

熊明遇生当明清鼎革之际“东西文化交流”的重要时刻。他的主著《格致草》广被时人以至遗民征引和称颂。作为明末东林党的成员之一，熊氏对耶稣会士抱持开明的态度，并跟他们建立良好的友谊。正如书名所示，《格致草》的撰作，毫无疑问是继承了宋明理学“格物致知”的传统。《格致草》当中，具见熊明遇从耶稣会士的译作中节引西学所函盖的多个领域，如天文学及相关科学仪器、气象学、世界地理及绘图、灵魂学说和创世理论。然而，约从清初行禁书之令后，《格致草》一书便销声匿迹，而国人也不复知此书仍存于天壤之间，熊明遇研究西方科学的成果又多被其门人游艺征引；游氏著作《天经或问》传入日本后，当中提及第谷学说和熊明遇的观点，对江户时期的日本天文学产生过巨大的影响。

A CRITICAL STUDY OF XIONG MINGYU'S (1579-1649) GEZHI CAO

Xiong Mingyu's lifetime was a critical epoch in the course of "East meets West" during Late Ming and Early Qing period. His work on Western sciences notably the Gezhi Cao, was widely quoted and highly evaulated by his contemporaries as well as other Ming loyalists. Being a member of Donglin Group, Xiong maintained an open attitude and had a close relationship with Jesuit missionaries. As a matter of fact, the title of Gezhi Cao was clearly inherited from the Neo-Confucian term "ge wu zhi zhi", i. e. to investigate things and extend knowledge to the utmost, Xiong incorporated a wide range of subjects of Western knowledge extracting from Chinese translation of Jesuit works into his book, including astronomy and related scientific instruments, meteorology, world geography and mapping, idea of soul and theory of creation etc. However, Gezhi Cao was not known by Chinese intellectuals since Early Qing that might be due to the campaign of book-banning. Xiong's researches on Western science were heavily quoted by his disciple You Yi. You Yi's Tianjng houwen (Queries on the Astronomical Classics) is a synthesis of Traditional and Western Knowledge,which describes the Tychonic planetary system and Xiong's view, exerted great influence upon Japanese astronomy in Edo Period.