三声通协与词曲之辨

三声通协即平上去三声通押（含入派三声）是北曲的基本特征,也是词曲分别的关键。现存元散曲曲牌绝大部分用韵是三声通协,仅有的非三声通协数调多本为词调。而现存宋词中三声通押之调历来被视为词者多可以曲牌视之,或近于曲体。三声通协不始于古体诗,《康熙词谱》谈及宋词三声通协往往援引古例、古韵是不恰当的。今存三声通协者最早见于唐五代以民间词为主的敦煌曲子词,此正为后世曲体之源。不过,唐五代传统文人词创作罕用三声通协,依然十分严格地遵守平声押平声、上去声押上去声、入声押入声的用韵传统,这也是宋代包括后代词人所遵循的用韵传统。三声通协用韵宋代文人创作渐显渐多,应看做是受曲体用韵的影响,其形式有大曲、只曲,现存大曲歌词皆属曲体,只曲也多为曲体或近于曲体。从宋人曲体的创作环境来看,宋代产生曲韵之书并不奇怪。

On the Differences between Sanshengtongxie and Ci and Qu

Sanshengtongxie is the rhyming of the level tone,the falling-rising tone and the falling tone（including Rupai Sansheng）.Sanshengtongxie is a basic characteristic of Northern Qu,and it＇s also the key difference between Ci and Qu.Most of the existing names of non-dramatic songs of Yuan Dynasty follow the rhyme of Sanshengtongxie,while most of those tunes without the use of Sanshengtongxie are originally tonal patterns.The existing Sanshengtongxie of Song＇s Ci has always been regarded as Ci,most of which could be regarded as the names of tunes or nearly as the style of Qu.Sanshengtongxie didn＇t begin with the preTang poetry,so it＇s not proper for Kangxi Cipu to quote ancient examples and ancient rhymes while referring to the Sanshengtongxie of Song＇s Ci.The existing Sanshengtongxie began with Dunhuang Quzi Ci,which is mainly featured with folk Ci in Tang and Five Dynasties,and which is just the origin of the later style of Qu.However,the traditional literati of Tang and Five Dynasties seldom used Sanshengtongxie in their Ci writing,and they still strictly observe the traditions with level tone rhymed with level tone,falling-rising tone rhymed with falling-rising tone and entering tone rhymed with entering tone,which are also the rhyming traditions of Ci writers of Song Dynasty and later dynasties.In Song Dynasty,more and more literati began to use the rhyme of Sanshengtongxie.This can be regarded as the result of the influence of the rhyming of Qu style.There are such forms as Daqu and Zhiqu.And the words of the existing Daqu are all of Qu style,and Zhiqu are mostly of Qu style,or similar to Qu style.According to the Qu-style writing environment of Song people,no wonder there came out the books of Qu rhyme in Song Dynasty.