从弗雷格到查尔默斯——二维语义学的理论发展

二维语义学是当代哲学语义学的一个重要发展趋势。它本质上属于内涵语义学的一个分支系统,在语义分析上二者有某些共同的原则和方法。然而在语义学的目标和语义分析的哲学抱负方面却存在深刻的差异。二维语义学家认为语句的真值随事实的变化而变化,也随语句意思（means）的变化而变化。为了模式化这一真值对事实和意义（meaning）的双重依赖,二维语义学把多种内涵类型指派到表达式上去。其最终的形式框架（也是所有的二维语义学所共有的）就是将现实世界和主要内涵的一维与反事实的世界和次要内涵的二维区别开来。

FROM FREGE TO CHALMERS——DEVELOPMENT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL SEMANTICS

Two dimensional Semantics is an important development tendency of today＇s philosophy. It belongs to branch system of intensional semantics constitutionally,and owns some same principles and methods,but the deep divergences exist in semantics aims and philosophical aspiration. Two-dimensional semanticists think that the true value of the sentences will change with facts and the sentences＇ meaning. In order to model this twofold dependence of true value on fact and meaning,Two-dimensional semanticists used various intensional types on the expression. The final formal framework is to distinguish one dimensional of actual worlds from primary intensions and second dimension of counterfactual worlds from secondary intensions.