人源类器官研究历程及发展趋势

 类器官是干细胞在体外培养出的一种3D细胞培养物（类器官模型），拥有与来源器官（组织）高度相似的组织学特征和生理功能。概述了类器官技术的发展历程、类器官的不同种类、来源及表型。以肿瘤药物开发的临床前模型为例，对比了肿瘤细胞系、条件重编程、类器官模型及荷瘤模型（PDX）这4种模型，得出类器官模型是较为优秀的一种体外模型，可用于感染性疾病和慢性非感染性疾病的模型研究。总结了类器官技术未来发展的4方面影响因素：需求和挑战的驱动、技术和知识的驱动、资源和要素的驱动、伦理和法规的约束。

History and prospect of organoids research

The traditional monolayer cell cultures (cell lines) have been widely used, however, such models fail to recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity, the structure, and the functions of the primary tissues. The organoids, which are tiny, self-organized three-dimensional tissue cultures derived from the stem cells, possess the histological features and the physiological functions highly similar to those of the deriving organs. The patient-derived organoid models have excellent characteristics, such as the humanization, the personalization, the good simulation ability, and the self-organization. Recent research advances show that the organoid models have served as a promising tool in three scenarios, namely, the personalized drug response prediction, the new drug development, and the organoid biobank. The organoid technologies refer to a series of organoid model-related technologies that have a wide range of application prospects in various aspects, for instance, the developmental biology, the regenerative medicine, the disease research, the drug development, and the precision medicine, with high social and economic benefits at the same time. Therapeutic products developed based on the organoid techniques can help achieve precision medicine. Currently, the trends of the organoid technology are influenced by a combination of four factors, specifically, the demand and challenge drivers, the technology and knowledge drivers, the resource and factor drivers, and the ethical and regulatory constraints. This paper discusses the research history and the development trends, focusing on the advantages, the limitations, and the potential applications of organoid models and technologies.