完善草原家庭承包制与北方天然草地可持续管理

北方放牧草地与农田存在本质的区别,农田是私有可再生自然资源,而北方放牧草地是具有显著正外部性的公共可再生自然资源,因此在草原地区简单套用农区家庭承包制存在严重弊病,承包以后没有解决反而恶化了草原的“公地的悲剧”问题,这是导致我国草原近几十年严重退化的主要原因之一。建议:对于北方放牧草地,应主要由政府和管理部门承担维护产权排他性的责任;草原地区的家庭承包制应有所创新,可以家庭为单位承包,但不应鼓励以家庭为单位来利用,应在完成草原土地产权初始配置的基础上允许牧户自主治理,鼓励牧户合作生产;在完善草原家庭承包制的基础上,可能通过多样化的地方自主治理,实现放牧草地多功能优化管理,实现在利用前提下的北方干旱半干旱地区放牧草地的长久治理。

Reform of the Household Responsibility System for Sustainable Development in Pasturing Area in Northern China

There are some essential differences between cropland and rangeland. Cropland can often be seen as a private renewable resource, while rangeland is usually a public renewable resource, so since the Household Responsibility System in Pasturing area (HRSP) was put in force, the so-called "tragedy of commons" in pasturing area has become worsened. The HRSP should put into account of the difference between rangeland and cropland. The government should take over the main responsibility of property rights, exclusive from herders; the HRSP should involve the household only in benefit allocation, not in rangeland utilization, and should encourage cooperation among herders, instead of building so small ranches in rangeland; and autonomous management and regional management should be encouraged, with the HRSP serving as the foundation of collective actions among herders. So it is crucial to reform the HRSP for better rangeland management. This is important for a sustainable development in pasturing area.