21世纪水稻育种的新战略——综合利用无融合生殖、异源多倍体化和体细胞杂交技术

从生殖方式改变和作物进化趋势分析，论述了以无融合生殖为基础，结合利用优良基因、多倍体化和现代生物技术的21世纪水稻育种新战略．它包括3个部分：1利用无融合生殖建立快速育种新方法.利用水稻的孤雌生殖和无配子生殖能力，获得早世代稳定品系，建立快速育种方法，把无融合生殖特性与闭颖授粉、优质、抗性等特性结合探索高产优质多抗育种新途径，逐步实现利用无融合生殖固定杂种优势的目的．2利用无融合生殖和多倍体化探索育种新途径异源多倍体化是作物进化的总趋势．水稻是二倍体，基因组小通过无融合生殖、广亲和、异源多倍体化的利用，选育异源多倍体水稻，增加它的遗传变异范围，大幅度提高水稻的产量、质量和抗性．3．无融合生殖水稻和C4作物杂交创造高光效异源多倍体新作物．利用无融合生殖水稻与无融合生殖高光效的C4作物，如高粱、摩擦禾、大黍等杂交，特别是体细胞杂交和基因工程技术，创造具有无融合生殖特性高光效作物新品种

A New Strategy of Rice Breeding in the 21st Century-Combining Apomixis, Alloployploidization and Somatic Hybridization

Based on change of reproductive form and analysis of tendance of evolution in crop, a new strategy of rice breeding in the 21st century was suggested. It emphasised the use of apomixis, superior genes, polyploidization and modern bilolgical technique. The strategy was composed of three parts. First, using apomixis to establish a new method of rapid breeding. It was suggested that the capacities of parthenogenesis and apogamy of rice were used to obtain stable lines in early hybrid generations. And several characteristics such as apomixis, cleistogamy, superior genes of qUalities and resistance to disease and pest were combined and were used to search a new pathway of selecting high yield, superior quality and heteroresistance to diseases and pest, and lead to realize the purpose of fixing heterosis by apomixis. Second, apomixix and polyploidization were used to search new breeding method. Allopolyploidization is a general tendance of evolution in crop. Rice is a diploid with smaller genome. Apomixis, widecompatibility, allopolyploidization were used to select allopolyploid rice and enlarge its range of inheritance and valuation, and increase itS output, qUality and resistance to disease and pest by a big main. Third, apondctic rice and C4 crop, were crossed to create new allopolyploid cultivars with high photosynthetic efficiency. Crossing apomictic rice and C4 crop, such as Sorgum, Trapsicum and Panicum maximum; especially by somatic hybridization and gene engineering technique to create new varieties with characteristics of aponmixix and high photosynthetic efficiency.Keywods: Breeding; Strategy; Apomixis; Polyploidization; C_4 rice