Lipid flippases and their biological functions |
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Authors: | T Pomorski A K Menon |
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Institution: | (1) Institute of Biology/Biophysics, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany;(2) Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-4896, USA |
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Abstract: | The typically distinct phospholipid composition of the two leaflets of a membrane bilayer is generated and maintained by bi-directional
transport (flip-flop) of lipids between the leaflets. Specific membrane proteins, termed lipid flippases, play an essential
role in this transport process. Energy-independent flippases allow common phospholipids to equilibrate rapidly between the
two monolayers and also play a role in the biosynthesis of a variety of glycoconjugates such as glycosphingolipids, N-glycoproteins, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. ATP-dependent flippases, including members of a
conserved subfamily of P-type ATPases and ATP-binding cassette transporters, mediate the net transfer of specific phospholipids
to one leaflet of a membrane and are involved in the creation and maintenance of transbilayer lipid asymmetry of membranes
such as the plasma membrane of eukaryotes. Energy-dependent flippases also play a role in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates
such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. This review summarizes recent progress on the identification and characterization of
the various flippases and the demonstration of their biological functions.
Received 12 April 2006; received after revision 22 June 2006; accepted 30 August 2006 |
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Keywords: | Membrane assembly membrane asymmetry lipid flip-flop N-glycosylation ABC transporter P-type ATPase scramblase vesicle budding |
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