南非后种族隔离时期高等教育招生政策变革及其启示

教育公平问题事关每一个国家的教育发展,正确界定弱势群体是实现教育公平的关键一步。南非社会进入后种族隔离时期后,在高等教育招生政策的变革过程中,对弱势群体的界定逻辑经历了从种族到阶层的转变,这在南非政府、高校颁布的相关高等教育招生政策中有明显体现。尽管以种族为基础的倾斜性招生政策在一定程度上起到了补偿弱势群体的作用,但随着去种族隔离改革的深入,这些补偿性政策逐渐演变成特权性政策,诸如黑人学生参与率仍旧低下、专业选择倾向人文学科、阶层分化与恶性循环、污名化与逆向歧视等新问题随之出现。为了进一步促进教育公平、实现种族团结,近年来,南非政府和高校采取了以阶层为基础的招生政策,这是南非在高等教育领域推动教育公平的重大突破。相比之下,我国在考试招生制度改革中应当坚持“能力本位”与“综合评价”的正确方向,推动“公平而有质量”的基础教育内涵式发展。

Research on the Reform of Higher Education Enrollment Policy in Post-Apartheid Period in South Africa

The issue of educational equity is related to the educational development of each country.Correctly defining the vulnerable groups is a key step in achieving educational equity.After the South African society entered the post-apartheid period,in the process of reforming the higher education enrollment policy,the definition logic of the vulnerable groups experienced a transition from race to class,which was evident in the relevant higher education enrollment policies promulgated by the South African government and universities.Although the racially based oblique enrollment policy has played a role in compensating for the disadvantaged groups to a certain extent,with the deepening of the apartheid reform,these compensatory policies have gradually evolved into privileged policies,new problems such as the low participation rate of black students,professional choice tending to the humanities,class differentiation and vicious circle,stigma and reverse discrimination have emerged.In order to further promote educational equity and achieve the racial solidarity,in recent years,the South African government and universities have adopted a class-based enrollment policy,which is a major breakthrough in promoting education equity in South Africa.In contrast,China should adhere to the correct direction of“capability-based”and“comprehensive evaluation”in the reform of the examination enrollment system,and promote the connotative development of“fair and quality”basic education.