德国智能电网的实践及启示

 德国一直致力于在可再生能源时代领军世界，而智能电网是未来低碳电力系统的重要一环，其中企业、政府的支持与管制对智能电网的发展尤为重要。德国E-Energy（信息化能源）试点项目，旨在通过一个开放式的区域电力市场，将发电商、用电可调节的消费者、能源服务供应商、电网运营商集成为一体，借助信息和通信技术将发电直至消费的全部流程集成在一个平台，及时地交换信息进而优化整个系统。而需求侧作为缓解电力供需平衡的一种重要资源，在电力用户主动参与方面有很大的发展空间。本文综述德国智能电网的发展、实践及经验，分析其对中国电网发展的启示。

Smart grid practices in Germany

Germany keeps a leading place in renewable energies, where the smart grid plays a key role in managing the demand and the volatile green energy supply. Germany and China face many similar challenges in energy issues, therefore, China might learn from the German experience with respect to the smart grid development:making full use of local renewable resources and then reducing the use of fossil fuels, to not only cut down CO₂ emissions, but also improve the air quality, and less energy import means more energy independence and more security. Some big events or policies relevant to the smart grid development in Germany are reviewed in this paper. Field tests relevant to smart grid applications in Germany are found to focus mainly on the integrated system and the customer behavior. The smart meter as a key part of a smart grid has received some attention too. And the grid automation distribution, the grid automation transmission and the storage technology demonstration are planned to be tested in practice. In the field projects, apart from the traditional big four utility companies, Germany pays more attention to involve customers and small and medium-sized enterprises, which is an indispensable part of the innovation diffusion. Smart appliances need smart consumers. Besides the policy incentive, the user experience matters a great deal for a new product. The green energy creates many job opportunities. More investment possibilities like in the cooperatives could be provided in wind or solar parks. Supported by users and investors, new technologies have a better chance to hold a place in the market. In addition, German E-energy pilot projects provide some precious experience in the smart grid. The information and communication technology makes the energy system transparent and intelligent with respects to regional marketplaces to bring together consumers with shiftable loads, producers, energy service providers and grid operators. Electronic meters could provide the real-time information on major parts of the grid, which helps the optimization of the whole system. The demand side management (DSM) as one kind of flexibility resource, is very important for balancing the electricity generation and consumption. The potential of the DSM in the Chinese residential sector is great.