Type II restriction endonucleases: structure and mechanism |
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Authors: | A Pingoud M Fuxreiter V Pingoud W Wende |
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Institution: | (1) Institut für Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany;(2) Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Karolina ut 29, 1113 Budapest, Hungary |
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Abstract: | Type II restriction endonucleases are components of restriction modification systems that protect bacteria and archaea against invading foreign DNA. Most are homodimeric or tetrameric enzymes that cleave DNA at defined sites of 4–8 bp in length and require Mg2+ ions for catalysis. They differ in the details of the recognition process and the mode of cleavage, indicators that these enzymes are more diverse than originally thought. Still, most of them have a similar structural core and seem to share a common mechanism of DNA cleavage, suggesting that they evolved from a common ancestor. Only a few restriction endonucleases discovered thus far do not belong to the PD...D/ExK family of enzymes, but rather have active sites typical of other endonuclease families. The present review deals with new developments in the field of Type II restriction endonucleases. One of the more interesting aspects is the increasing awareness of the diversity of Type II restriction enzymes. Nevertheless, structural studies summarized herein deal with the more common subtypes. A major emphasis of this review will be on target site location and the mechanism of catalysis, two problems currently being addressed in the literature.Received 15 November 2004; accepted 9 December 2004 |
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Keywords: | Protein-nucleic acid interaction facilitated diffusion DNA recognition DNA cleavage mechanism of phosphodiester bond hydrolysis evolution protein engineering |
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