波粒二象性理论与波速问题探讨

速度是宏观的概念;在量子力学中速度表示什么,本来无法回答。在半经典理论中,为重新定义速度,可取v→=▽S/mm是粒子质量,S满足ψ=Aexp(j S/h)]。这样虽建立了速度与波函数的联系,却不是波科学中必需而有用的波速概念。真空中光速c是一个普遍性基本物理常数,量子力学显然也需要这个参数,亦即新波动力学需要这个物理量。从人类实践过程和结果看,科学家若企图确定c的最精确值,必须依靠标量方程c=fλ这样的标量描述才能实现。现代物理学认为波速度(相速vp、群速vg)是标量而非矢量。波动具有独特的科学性质,其规律与经典力学不同,它需要量子力学支持,又不等同于严格的量子力学。目前尚无单独一个理论能完美解释波科学问题,处在经典物理和量子物理并用的局面。电磁场的量子化过程为光的波粒二象性提供了基本的数学诠释,即连续展布于空间的电磁场在量子化后得到光子。尽管如此,"光子是什么"的难题仍困扰着科学家。通常认为电子的物质波是几率波,光子的波动是电磁波而非几率波。但在分析处理双光子纠缠时又在使用几率波理念,这样光子的波是什么仍未解决。另外,电子几率波与Schrdinger方程对应,但有一种观点认为光子几率波尚无可对应的波方程。另一方面,物质波相速的物理意义并不清晰;而de Broglie波的相速是超光速的,对此还需要更多的说明。类似的许多例子表明,波粒二象性仍是现代物理学中的一个待解之谜。最后,近年来对负波速(NWV)的研究既使波科学更加丰富,也为发展理论思维提供了新的契机。

Discussion on the Particle-Wave Duality and the Wave Velocity Problem

The velocity is a macroscopic concept. The question “what is the meaning of velocity in Quan-tum Mechanics（ QM）”,this problem itself is in“no answer” situation. In the semi-classical theory,for the reconstruction of the velocity definition,we have v→=▽S/m m is the particle’ s mass and ψ=Aexp（ jS/？） ] . This method builds the relation of velocity and wave function,but it is not the necessary and useful concept of wave’ s speed. The velocity of light in vacuum is a common basic constant of physics,however QM also need this parameter obviously,i. e. the new wave mechanics is on need of this physical quantity. The process and result of people’ s practice show that,scientist has intended to bring forth in the measure-ment of c with very high accuracy does stand out,if he used the scalar equation c=fλ. Modern physics maintain that the wave velocities （ phase velocityvp、group velocity vg ） are scalars,not vectors.The wave has its special scientific features;the regular pattern is different from the Classical Mechan-ics （ CM） . It needs supports of the QM,but it is not identical with the serious QM. Now,it has not only a theory that can explain the wave problems perfectly,so it is support by the classical physics and quantum physics. The quantization process of EM fields explains the particle-wave duality mathematically. Post quanti-zation,from the EM fields we obtained the photons. But scientist still is puzzled by a difficult question：“what is photon”. As the common knowledge,the matter waves of photon still a paradox in physics. In ad-dition,the electronic probability waves corresponding the Schr？dinger equation,but people says the pho-tonic probability waves have not that wave equation. In other words, the physical meanings of matter wave’ s phase velocity are not clear,and why the phase velocity of de Broglie waves is faster-than-light, many explanations will be needed. Many instances similar to these examples make the particle wave duality still the magic ghost i