非离子双子表面活性剂的合成研究进展

 双子表面活性剂是由间隔基团通过化学键联接两个疏水基团和两个亲水基团的离子头基构成的一类新型表面活性剂。与传统的单基表面活性剂相比，双子表面活性剂具有较低的临界胶束浓度、降低水溶液表面张力或者水油之间界面张力的性能更强、更好的水溶性等优点。国内外有许多关于阴离子和阳离子双子表面活性剂的合成和性能的报道，但关于非离子双子表面活性剂的合成还较少。非离子双子表面活性剂主要分为两大类：一类是醇醚、酚醚型，另一类是糖类衍生物。本文分别从联接基团加入法、极性头基加入法、疏水链基加入法等合成方法的角度，对不同类型的非离子双子表面活性剂的合成路线及性能进行了概述。其中，联接基团加入法是在两个现成的两亲分子之间插入一个联接基团，将这两个两亲分子联接起来。极性头基加入法则是联接基团先连接两条疏水链，再把两个极性头基加上去，一般是环氧乙烷或者是环氧丙烷加入的方法。疏水链基加入法所采用的原料化合物中含有联接基，并且已经和两个极性基团联接在一起，只是缺了两条碳氢疏水链。最后，对研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向提出了一些看法，以期对新型双子表面活性剂的工业化有所促进。

Research Progress of Synthesis of Nonionic Gemini Surfactants

Gemini surfactants contain two hydrophobic groups and two hydrophilic groups, connected by a linkage close to the hydrophilic groups. They are known to have excellent properties, such as lower critical micelle concentration (CMC), greater efficiency in lowering the surface tension of water and the interfacial tension between water and oil, and better solubility in water than conventional monomeric surfactants. There are many studies on the synthesis and properties of anionic and cationic gemini surfactants, but very few on nonionic gemini surfactants. The nonionic gemini surfactants can be divided into two categories: one is the polyethyleneglycol or phenol ether type gemini surfactant, and the other is the sugar-based surfactant. The synthesis technology and the research progress of the different kinds of nonionic gemini surfactants and their properties are reviewed in this paper. The first method is to insert a spacer between two ready-made amphiphilic groups. The nonionic gemini surfactants can also be synthesized in such a way that the spacer is first combined with two hydrophobic chains, followed by two polar groups. Generally, the spacer is the polyoxyethylene or the polyoxypropylene. The third method is to link the raw materials containing two polar groups by the spacer, and to obtain the nonionic gemini surfactant by adding two hydrophobic chains. In the end of the paper, some suggestions on the development of nonionic gemini surfactants are made for the industrialization of the novel gemini surfactants.