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Discovering the roles of subsurface microorganisms: Progress and future of deep biosphere investigation |
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| Authors: | FengPing Wang ShuLin Lu Beth N Orcutt Wei Xie Ying Chen Xiang Xiao Katrina J Edwards |
| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China 2. Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China 3. Center for Geomicrobiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark 4. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA 5. School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China 6. Departments of Biological & Earth Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA |
| Abstract: | The discovery of the marine “deep biosphere”—microorganisms living deep below the seafloor—is one of the most significant and exciting discoveries since the ocean drilling program began more than 40 years ago. Study of the deep biosphere has become a research frontier and a hot spot both for geological and biological sciences. Here, we introduce the history of the discovery of the deep biosphere, and then we describe the types of environments for life below the seafloor, the energy sources for the living creatures, the diversity of organisms within the deep biosphere, and the new tools and technologies used in this research field. We will highlight several recently completed Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions, which targeted the subseafloor deep biosphere within the crust and sediments. Finally, future research directions and challenges of deep biosphere investigation towards uncovering the roles of subsurface microorganisms will be briefly addressed. |
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