略论欧洲启蒙运动的历史和本质

“启蒙”历来是一个有诸多争议而又无法回避的重大问题。从历史的角度看，18世纪欧洲启蒙运动体现了时代的风格和当时文明进步的顶峰，但又忽视了宗教和道德问题，并带上了贵族、资产阶级和知识分子的特点；19世纪则表现出一种巨大的差异和断裂，浪漫主义和社会主义植根于小资产阶级和平民阶层，并开始对启蒙运动和18世纪文化的反动。它们作为两种对立的倾向在人类的历史和精神发展中都具有不可缺少的意义。

On the History and Essence of European Enlightenment Movement

There was a lot of controversy over "Enlightenment" in the history and it is still an important question today.This paper holds that the Enlightenment in the 18th century embodied the spirit of the age and the glory of civilization.On the other hand,those thinkers in the 18th century paid no attention to the moral and religious issues and had the character of middle bourgeoisie and intellectuals.In the 19th century,there was a big difference from the 18th century.Romanism and socialism in opposition to the Enlightenment were built on the social background of petty bourgeoisie and common people.In sum,two kinds of cultural trends were all necessary and significant for the development of modern civilization.