从社会转型的角度反思甲午战争的失败

探寻甲午战争的失败应该有社会转型的思路和视野。从社会转型的角度讲，洋务运动和明治维新在甲午战争之前各自对本国社会近代转型的推进程度是不同的。明治维新通过全面的变革初步实现了包括军事转型在内的社会整体的近代转型，而洋务运动有限的改良根本改变不了清军整体的古代军事形态。从甲午战争的史实看，正是由于两国在各自近代军事变革中的不同作为所导致的军力代差注定了两国在甲午战争中的不同命运。

Sino failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 from perspective of social transformation

Exploring the Sino failure should have the thought and vision of social transformation： First, from the perspective of social transformation, the advance degree of the Westernization Movement and Meiji Restoration in Sino Modern Transformation of society before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 is different. Through comprehensive reform, Meiji Restoration preliminarily completed the task of modern social transformation including the military transformation as a whole; while Westerni- zation Movement can only be regarded as an limited improvement, which does not change the whole ancient Qing military form. Second, from the historical facts of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the different approaches adopted by China and Japan in modern military reforms lead the military gaps between the two countries. Age gap in terms of the military forms has led to different fates of two countries in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.