中国5岁以下儿童营养改善策略与措施

儿童营养是儿童生存、生长发育的基石和全人群健康的基础。5岁以下儿童的营养状况是衡量整个人群营养状况最敏感指标,也是衡量一个国家经济社会发展水平的重要指标。5岁以下儿童的营养不良关系到儿童近远期生长发育、生存能力,还会增加其成年期肥胖等慢性疾病的发病风险,加大个人和社会的疾病负担,对家庭和国家经济产生深远影响。5岁以前是极为重要的营养干预窗口期,营养干预可改善儿童生存和发展能力,预防慢性疾病,促进健康成长。概述了自改革开放以来我国5岁以下儿童营养不足大幅下降、微量营养素缺乏显著降低,但超重肥胖快速增加的变迁特征；总结儿童营养改善工作成效显著,我国5岁以下儿童生长水平接近甚至超过中高收入国家,提前实现了联合国营养相关的多个千年发展目标；指出我国5岁以下儿童超重肥胖问题凸显、儿童营养不良的城乡差异依然明显和6月龄内婴儿纯母乳喂养状况欠佳等问题突出；并从完善和落实儿童营养改善法规政策、推进营养教育与信息传播、提升儿童营养服务、加强妇幼营养监测提出工作方向和重点,以期为进一步改善我国儿童营养状况制定政策和措施提供借鉴,推动全人群营养与健康的可持续良性发展。

Strategies and Measures of Nutrition Improvement for Children Under 5 Years in China

Child nutrition is cornerstone for survival, growth and development of children and the basis for health of the whole populations. The nutrition status of children under 5 years is the most sensitive indicator for assessing nutrition and health status of populations and is an important one for reflecting socioeconomic power of a country. Malnutrition among children under 5 years influences short-term and long-term childhood growth and development, increases risks of non-communicable diseases (NCD) in their adulthood, increases burden of disease for families and countries and results in profoundly economic and social consequences. The first 5 years of life is a critical window period for nutrition intervention, which could promote children survival and development abilities, prevent NCD and boost healthy development. This article summarized the success of nutrition improvement in China. The prevalence of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency decreased dramatically among Chinese children under 5 years since reform and opening, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased rapidly. Nutritional status of children under 5 years was close to or even higher than that of their peer in middle- and high-income countries. The United Nations nutritional goal among Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) achieved ahead of time. Despite of substantial progress in China, the rapid increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, region disparity, and low exclusive breastfeeding rate are major challenges which need to be addressed. Strategies and measures were suggested for public and policy makers with regard to relevant policy implementation, nutrition education, service promotion and dissemination, surveillance of maternal and child nutrition to improve nutritional status of children gradually, which might stimulate the sustainable development of nutrition and health among Chinese populations.