文学，在法的前面——解析德里达关于文学与法的观点

在传统的文学理论或法学理论中,文学与法律互不相干,但德里达以他独特的方式把文学与法律放置在一起来探讨。德里达把文学带到了法律面前,这至少纠缠着二层关系:一是文学自身的法则问题,文学的法则到底如何确定,以什么法则来确定文学性?确定一部作品称之为文学?德里达甚至可以追问是否真的存在文学这种类型?相比较哲学、伦理学、历史学,哪些文本可以被断定为文学?另外,是否存在小说、散文、诗或其他文体的分类?它根据什么法则来分类?第二层关系更为重要,那就是文学与法律的关系。在现代以来形成的法律保障了文学作品的独立存在,保护了这个文本的署名权,版权、文本的独一无二的法律属性。但反过来看,文学也建构了法律。通过对卡夫卡的《在法的前面》的读解,德里达试图去解开法是如何被文学叙述建构起来的。文学处于法前面,又处于他处,它并不始终被法保护,在超越法的那个瞬间,文学又具有了超越文学的面向。德里达用法律来解构文学,又用文学来解构法律,他的观点激起我们对文学一些更本源问题的思考。

Literature, in front of Law——An Explanation of Derrida''''s View on Literature and Law

In the traditional literary theory or legal theory, literature is totally unrelated to law.But Derrida,with his unique(perspective,) made them closely related.He put literature in front of law,which at least involves two aspects.One is about the rules of literature.How rules are defined? What rules can define literature? How works can be called literature? Derrida even asked if literature as a genre really exists.What texts can be seen as literature in comparison with philosophy,ethics and history? Furthermore,is there a classification of different genres such as novel,prose or other literary forms? If yes,what rules are(followed?) The second is about the relation between literature and law,which is more important.The modern law guarantees the independent existence of literary works,protecting their signature right,copyright and unique legality.On the other hand,literature also constructs law.In interpreting Kafka's In Front Of Law,Derrida tried to deconstruct how literary narrative was constructed.Literature is in front of law,but also exists somewhere else.It can not be protected by law all the time.In a moment of surpassing law,literature can have an orientation of transcending itself.Derrida used law to deconstruct literature and used literature to deconstruct law.His ideas can motivate us to think more about the nature of literature.