20世纪四川作物育种科技的发展与思考

四川作物育种科技从20世纪30年代开始,经历了初期、中期和发展时期,特别是80-90年代发展时期的进步大,成绩显著。育成了通过省级以上审定的粮、棉、油新品种(组合)300个以上,创造和发明了杂交水稻的冈型、D型、K型不育系;水稻的无融合生殖“SAR”系;杂交玉米的山区育种模式及“三高”自交系和T型、C型、类型及G型雄不育系;小麦系统应用冬春麦杂交模式及T型雄不育“三系”配套;棉花的“洞A”雄不育系及“两用系法”制种;棉花高抗枯萎病源;油菜雄性不育“三系”配套等。选育了一批高产、优质、抗性好的作物新品种(组合),实现了全省粮、棉、油品种(组合)的四次更新换代,储备了一批超高产的、优质的、高抗病(虫)的后备材料,为21世纪的超高产育种奠定了好的基础。本文总结了20世纪四川作物育种科技的基本经验,提出了发展建议。

The Development inand Reflection on the 20th Century Crop Breeding Science and Technology in Sichuan Province

The scientific research in crop breeding in Sichuan Province started from 1930s, and experienced initial, middle and developmental periods. Great achievements were made especially during the developmental period from the 80s to 90s. Over 300 grain, cotton and oil crop varieties (lines) were released by the provincial and the above-level crop examination and approval commissions. Many new lines have been created and new techniques have been invented, such as hybrid rice sterile lines of Gang-,D-, K-types, rice apomixes "SAR" lines, hybrid maize mountainous breeding models, hybrid maize "three-high" (high-yielding, high-quality, high-resistant) inbred lines and maize male sterile lines of T-, C-, G- and Lei-types, cotton male sterile line "Dong A" and seed production whth two-line system, cotton high blight-resistant source, rapeseed male sterile lines and three-line system. A batch of new varieties (combinations) with high yield, high quality and high resistance have been selected, thus realizing the renewal of the grain, cotton, and oil crop varieties(combinations) for four times, reserving a large amount of super high-yielding, high-quality and high pest-and disease-resistant materials and laying solid foundation for the super high-yielding breeding in the 21st century. This paper also summarizes the experiences from the past work and puts forward some proposals for the future crop breeding.