生物技术在冬小麦种植过程中的化肥减施增效作用

本文研究了化肥减施条件下生物菌剂、有机肥对小麦叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量以及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和根系活力系数等生理及土壤N、P等指标变化的影响,为农田N、P减施增效的机理研究奠定一定基础。肥料配施设置四种处理：传统施肥处理(复合肥75 g?m-2,CK)、复合肥减施处理(复合肥37.5 g?m-2,CF)、添加木霉菌剂的复合肥减施处理(BF)、添加有机肥的复合肥减施处理(OF)。结果显示(1)BF处理的过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等保护酶的活性显著高于其他处理；丙二醛、游离脯氨酸含量结果显示,BF处理保持较低水平,而OF、CF处理含量明显升高；BF、OF的叶绿素、根系活力水平要明显高于CK和CF处理。(2)BF、OF的产量比对照高20%左右。(3)小麦收割后土壤中N、P的总量结果显示,BF处理要明显低于其他处理,而OF明显高于其他处理；OF处理的碱解氮、速效磷含量最高,BF处理也处于较高水平。研究结果表明,木霉菌剂能促进作物的生长、提高作物的保护酶活性、降低外界环境胁迫对作物造成的损伤,促进土壤中结合态N、P的释放、提高有效N、P的水平从而提高作物产量。木霉菌剂能有效转化土壤中结合态N、P为有效态氮磷,提高土壤中的碱解氮、速效磷的含量并提高作物对N、P的利用率,显著降低土壤中N、P总量。

Effects of Biotechnology on Fertilizer Reduction and Efficiency Increase in Winter Wheat Planting

The effects of biological agent and organic fertilizers to the physiological indicators of the wheat and soil fertility indexes (N, P, etc.) of the farmland were investigated in this paper. The physiological indicators included the contents of chlorophyll, free proline, malondialdehyde, peroxidase, catalase and the activity coefficient roots of the wheat. The results estabilished the foundation for the mechanism study on fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmlands. There were 4 treatments of fertilizer application processes in this study: the treatment of traditional fertilization (compound fertilizer usage with 75 g?m-2, CK), the treatment of reducing compound fertilization (compound fertilizer usage with 37.5 g?m-2, CF), the treatment of adding trichoderma agent and reducing compound fertilization (BF), and the treatment of adding organic fertilizer and reducing compound fertilization (OF). The results are provided as follows: (1) The activities of protective enzymes (e.g., peroxidase and catalase) in the BF treatment are significantly higher than those in other treatments. The contents of malondialdehyde and free proline in the OF and CF treatments increase obviously, while those in the BF treament keep at a low level. Chlorophyll contents and activity levels of roots in the OF and BF treatments are apparently higher than those in CK and CF. (2) About 20% increase of the yields in the OF and BF treatments are determined than that in the control. (3) For the soils after wheat harvest, the total nitrogen and phosphorus in the BF treatment are obviously lower than those in other treatments, while those in the OF treatment are significantly higher. The concentrations of alkali solution nitrogen and available phosphorus in the OF treatment are the highest, and those in BF are also high. These results reveal that the trichoderma agent has the ability to promote the growth of crops, to rise the activity of protection enzyme in crops, to reduce the damage for crops under the environmental stresses, to promote the release of binding N/P from soils, and to increase the level of bio-available N/P and thus the yields of crops. The added trichoderma agent effectively transfer the binding N/P into bio-available N/P, increase the levels of alkali solution nitrogen and available phosphorus in soils, improve their utilization rate by crops to reduce the demanded quantities of N/P in soils.