Towards in vitro molecular diagnostics using nanostructures |
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Authors: | Tetiana?Kurkina Email author" target="_blank">Kannan?BalasubramanianEmail author |
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Institution: | (1) Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; |
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Abstract: | Nanostructures appear to be promising for a number of applications in molecular diagnostics, mainly due to the increased surface-to-volume
ratio they can offer, the very low limit of detection achievable, and the possibility to fabricate point-of-care diagnostic
devices. In this paper, we review examples of the use of nanostructures as diagnostic tools that bring in marked improvements
over prevalent classical assays. The focus is laid on the various sensing paradigms that possess the potential or have demonstrated
the capability to replace or augment current analytical strategies. We start with a brief introduction of the various types
of nanostructures and their physical properties that determine the transduction principle. This is followed by a concise collection
of various functionalization protocols used to immobilize biomolecules on the nanostructure surface. The sensing paradigms
are discussed in two contexts: the nanostructure acting as a label for detection, or the nanostructure acting as a support
upon which the molecular recognition events take place. In order to be successful in the field of molecular diagnostics, it
is important that the nanoanalytical tools be evaluated in the appropriate biological environment. The final section of the
review compiles such examples, where the nanostructure-based diagnostic tools have been tested on realistic samples such as
serum, demonstrating their analytical power even in the presence of complex matrix effects. The ability of nanodiagnostic
tools to detect ultralow concentrations of one or more analytes coupled with portability and the use of low sample volumes
is expected to have a broad impact in the field of molecular diagnostics. |
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