MARKAL模型与建筑节胡

MARKAL模型是“按需求驱动的”的通用能源模型，代表着一国或一个地区在几十年内源系统的革新，该模型解决区域内工业、商业、建筑及交通等领域的能源总需求，模型能够反映一切现有的和预期的能源开采、运输、转化及使用的技术工艺，模型能反映一些约束条件，如投资成本、运行维护成本、有效寿命、燃料使用效率、新能源利用的可能性和预期最大市场容量等。作为线性模型，MARKAL模型能够选择满足能源需求的最佳技术组合，基本应用于评估新能源以及满足环境排放限制的能源技术。因供应和需求作为一个整体而相互影响，模型最基本的胜任是选择在总能源成本最低条件下的复合工艺。最后还就重庆市MARKAL模型、空调工程节能等建筑节能的有关问题进行了阐述。

Building Energy Conservation with MARKAL Model

MARKAL is a generic model tailored by the input data to represent the evolution over a period of usually 40 to 50 years of a specific energy system at the national, regional, state or province, or community level. The database specifies the energy demands -industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation that need to be satisfied over the next several decades. It describes the available sources of supply of energy, either domestic resources or imports of oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear fuel, and renewable. A menu of technologies is provided for extracting, transporting, converting, and using energy, both existing technologies and those expected to be available within the time horizon of the model. The essential characteristics of the technologies are specified, such as their investment cost, operating and maintenance costs, service life, fuel use, efficiency, availability, output, and maximum expected market penetration. As a linear program, the model then chooses the best combination of these technologies to satisfy the projected energy demands. The basic components in a MARKAL model are specific types of energy or emission control technology. Both the supply and demand sides are integrated, so that one side responds automatically to changes in the other. The model selects that combination of technologies that minimizes total energy system cost. In the end, the article describes energy conservation for building in Chongqing.