黄宗羲穷心的万殊之学

黄宗羲继承其师刘宗周《人谱》的思想,在他逝世前两年病中口授其子黄百家＂盈天地皆心也＂。他认为,穷心即能彻上彻下,天地万物的万殊无不观照,心体流行有条理为性,流行不失次序为理。人物虽禀气以生,心是气的灵明处。心的万殊是我心体变化的印证。心体本身是一,由其变动不居而万殊。心有万殊,性也万殊,继善成性,各性其性,性体为一。心既是理,性即理,这是一个公共的道理,知此,而后可以尽心,穷理尽心,尽心知性知天,把理气心性话题融通和合起来。黄宗羲在其师刘宗周绝食殉明和自己抗清失败的外在自我主体的激烈震撼下,在内在自我主体不断反思中,撰写了《留书》《明夷待访录》。其政治哲学首先是求制度与权利的协调,其次是求职分权力与义务的统一,其三是求道德与法律的和谐,其四是求教育与宗教的辅成。

A Study on Huang Zongxi's Theory of Manifestations from the Mind Inquiry

After inherited his teacher Liu Zongzhou＇s thoughts in Ren Pu,Huang Zongxi told his son Huang Baijia tw o years before his death,that＂the universe is full of mind＂.People could have a thorough know ledge of the universe and observe various manifestations of the universe through mind inquiry.Mind body flow ing systematically is nature,and mind body flow ing in order is the truth.All things on earth make their living w ith Qi,but the mind is the soul of Qi.The changing of the mind body can be verified by manifestations of the mind.As a result,the mind has many manifestations,the nature also has many manifestations,the nature and the body is united.Besides,the mind is the principle,and the nature is also the principle.Then,if you fully explore your mind,you w ill know your nature;if you know your nature,you know the Heaven.Therefore,the four themes including principle,mind,nature and material could be merged in a conflicted manner.On the great shock from his teacher＇s death for Ming Dynasty and the failure of his resistance against Qing Dynasty,Huang Zongxi w rote Liu-Shu and MingYi-Dai-Fang-Lu through self-reflection.It is suggested in the paper that his political philosophy focuses on four aspects： firstly,the coordination of system and rights;secondly,the consistency of rights and obligations;thirdly,the harmony of ethics and law;and fourthly,the complementary effect of education and religion.