尿液生物标志物

疾病的早期诊断是医学最重要的问题．早期诊断可以给医生有效治疗的机会．尿液不像血液那样受身体稳态效应的控制，能够汇集大量的疾病相关变化，因此尿液能够更好地反映早期微小的变化，是生物标志物的更好体液来源．动物模型研究证明了尿液作为早期标志物来源的潜力．部分研究利用了临床样本，但是很多研究没有认真考虑可以影响尿液的大量各种混杂因素．我们提出如果疾病引起的变化足够大、足够独特的时候，才能利用疾病对健康人群分组的方式发现疾病尿液标志物．如果能利用同一个人的前后对照，可以解决大量混杂影响因素的对照问题，让尿液标志物更早地用于临床．在没有疾病前样本的情况下，还可以利用一个病人对多个健康对照样本的方法找到疾病线索．本文将总结现代尿液生物标志物理论的发生发展和现状，并展望未来的发展前景． 

Urine biomarker

Early diagnosis of disease is the most important problem in medicine．Early diagnosis can give doctors a chance to treat the disease effectively．Urine, unlike blood, is not subject to homeostasis controls and is able to accumulate many disease-related changes．Therefore it can reflect early and small changes and is a better biomarker sources．Animal model studies have demonstrated the potential of urine as a source of early markers．There have been some studies using clinical samples, but many have not taken into account the large variety of confounders that can affect urine．If the changes caused by the disease are large enough and unique enough, urine markers of disease can be found by comparing disease group to healthy control group．If urine samples from the same person before and after the disease can be compared, it can minimize the effects of confounding factors．In this way, urine biomarker may be able to be translated into clinical practice earlier．In the absence of samples before the disease, clues to disease can also be found by using the patient compare to multiple healthy control samples as a group．This review will summarize the start, development, current situation and perspectives of modern urine biomarker theory．