漫湾库区生态变化及其原因

 漫湾库区多陡坡,断层发育,地表破碎,雨量集中,生态环境较为脆弱,易退化.通过实地调查及野外资料分析,介绍了该库区生态退化的几个表现:①景观变化,原994m以下河谷地带的村落、耕地、陆生动植物全部被淹没,在1000～1800m的谷坡地带,原有林地、草地、坡度稍缓的地方,均被新开垦的坡耕地和新建的聚落环境所取代.生态环境较以前脆弱,但因蓄水后库区水热配置条件的改变,使1000～1300m地带的植被条件变好,促进了库区植被的恢复;②1984年以后,库区及上游地区地表水土流失加剧,长系列年径流量含沙量增加36.6%,年输沙量增加37.3%;③库容损害严重,1998年调查,水库建成的3年时间里,总库容淤损率已达到原设计标准的第5年水平,有效库容淤损率已达到15年的水平;④水土流失、滑坡、泥石流、山地洪水、崩塌等山地灾害频繁.并进一步分析了造成生态退化的人为因素,认为:①建库后坡地开垦,造成库区植被的减少,以及水土流失的加剧;②水库蓄放水造成库周边稳定性变弱,引起崩塌和滑坡;③因公路、水沟等水库相关工程设施建设引起泥石流等山地灾害;④库外上游环境恶化是库区泥沙、水质生态环境的重要影响因素.最后,例举库区生态环境恶化对地方生产、生活以及水库工程本身造成危害,提出库区生态环境治理和维护的对策:①对库区内生态环境严重退化地区的环境贫困人口和受滑坡、泥石流等山地灾害危害的人口,必须移民到库区外进行安置,以减少环境压力.目前,库区属于此方面影响的人口约1000人,需要重新安置费约3000万元;②以小流域为生态单元,将土地合理利用、灾害治理和社区发展相结合,进行小流域综合治理,重点在南涧公郎河和风庆黑河小流域;③加大库周移民安置区重点山地灾害危害区的工程治理;④提高漫湾电厂库维资金的额度,直接用于库区移民安置区的绿化工程建设、农村能源建设和扶贫开发建设;⑤治理库区外大理市及兰坪县境内的水污染企业,改善入流水质;⑥结合小湾大型电站的建设,加大澜沧江中上游干流河谷两岸的天然林建设和水土流失治理.

The ecological changes in Manwan reservoir area and its causes

The ecO-environment of Manwan reservoir is frail and apt to deterioration because of its abrupt slope,developed faults, topographic unconformity and concentrated rainfall. Based on site investigation and statistics analysis.restrial life formerly in the valley blow the elevation of 994 m were inundated;while forest, grassland and grading slope from 1 000 m to 1 800 m were replaced by newly-reclaimed sloping fields and newly-established concentrated settlements. The eco-environment tends to be frailer, whereas the reservoir' s hydrothermal change after impounding proerosion in the slope land around the reservoir area have been more serious. The annual sediment concentration in the storage capacity. According to the survey in 1998, after 3 years' operating, the loss of the active storage reached at the rential flood as well as collapse.are closely rdated to upstream environmental depression. Finally, to reduce the ecological deterioration' s negative effect on local production, life as well as the reservoir's economic life, and to maintain the ecosystem of the reservoir and the deteriorated area and those who suffer from landslide and mudflow in places beyond the reservoir area. Curently,nit, combine reasonable land use, disaster control and community development together to carry out comprehensive regtion, supporting afforestation engineering, rural resources exploitation and poverty alleviation programme in resettleand-water loss control along banks of upper-and mid-Lancang River.