Emerging knowledge of regulatory roles of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d-</Emphasis>amino acids in bacteria |
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Authors: | Felipe?Cava Hubert?Lam Miguel?A?de?Pedro Email author" target="_blank">Matthew?K?WaldorEmail author |
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Institution: | 1.Channing Laboratory,Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute,Boston,USA;2.Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias,Madrid,Spain |
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Abstract: | The d-enantiomers of amino acids have been thought to have relatively minor functions in biological processes. While l-amino acids clearly predominate in nature, d-amino acids are sometimes found in proteins that are not synthesized by ribosomes, and d-Ala and d-Glu are routinely found in the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria. Here, we review recent findings showing that d-amino acids have previously unappreciated regulatory roles in the bacterial kingdom. Many diverse bacterial phyla synthesize
and release d-amino acids, including d-Met and d-Leu, which were not previously known to be made. These noncanonical d-amino acids regulate cell wall remodeling in stationary phase and cause biofilm dispersal in aging bacterial communities.
Elucidating the mechanisms by which d-amino acids govern cell wall remodeling and biofilm disassembly will undoubtedly reveal new paradigms for understanding how
extracytoplasmic processes are regulated as well as lead to development of novel therapeutics. |
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