群落水平上传粉生态学的研究进展

同地开花的植物共享传粉者,传粉者通常在多种植物上觅食,这些事实激发人们在群落水平上开展传粉生态学研究.与以单种植物为对象的传粉研究相比,从群落水平研究植物与传粉者、植物与植物之间的互作,有利于阐明传粉者与植物间关系的演化、探讨传粉过程在群落构建中的作用.对植物与传粉者互利关系的研究,已经从访问网络的结构动态,深入到网络的构建机制和对群落植物繁殖的切实影响上.从群落水平研究传粉者对花部特征的选择,分析共存植物的系统发育关系,可为花部特征演化提供更有力的证据.植物与植物之间由传粉者介导的互作研究,已经由成对或者少数几种植物之间,发展为在群落内的多种植物之间进行.由于传粉者对植物雄性和雌性功能的影响不同,植物之间互作表现出不同规律.相关研究从传粉者效率、植物柱头的花粉干扰和传粉过程的花粉丢失等多角度研究传粉者对植物雄性和雌性功能的作用.传粉作为一项基本生态服务,受到了多种人类活动的显著影响,尤其是外来物种入侵、生境破碎化等因素的不利影响.群落水平的传粉生态学研究在我国已有开展,今后的研究有必要在不同时空尺度上进行多层次调查和实验性工作,才能深入研究植物与传粉者、植物与植物的互作模式,从更大尺度揭示群落的构建机制、种间关系和花部特征演化.

Progress in pollination ecology at the community level

Co-flowering plant species may share pollinators within a community, while pollinators may collect rewards from different plant species, stimulating studies of pollination ecology at the community level. Studies of the interactions between plants and pollinators and between plant species in communities, as opposed to studying individual plant species, could provide more evidence for pollinator-mediated flower evolution, interspecific competition, and how communities assemble. Plant-pollinator interactions have been incorporated into network constructions to study the influence of dynamic pollination networks on plant reproduction. Studies of pollination networks could provide new insights into the evolution of floral traits, especially in sympatric species within natural communities. Previous studies of pollinator-mediated interactions between plant species have generally focused on two or a few plant species rather than numerous co-flowering species. Recent studies have emphasized factors that affect pollen fate, such as pollination efficiency, pollen interference on stigmas, and pollen loss when a pollinator visits different plant species. The fundamental ecological service of pollination is increasingly affected by anthropogenic forces, especially the negative consequences of biological invasions and habitat fragmentation. These challenges highlight the importance of biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration. Studies of pollination ecology at the community level have recently emerged in China. However, more observational and experimental studies at multiple spatio-temporal scales are required to explore plant-pollinator and plant-plant interactions and to enhance our understanding of community assemblages, species interactions, and floral evolution at a larger scale.