海水淡化膜蒸馏膜的研究现状与展望

海水淡化技术(热法和膜法)是一项有望使人类摆脱淡水资源短缺困境的有效方法，其中，膜蒸馏技术是一种能源消耗低、脱盐能力强且有望实现淡水经济可持续生产的新型膜分离技术，但是膜蒸馏性能在很大程度上受膜污染与温度极化的制约，严重阻碍了其规模化应用，为此，研究人员围绕膜改性做了系列研究，以提高膜抗污染性并最大限度地降低温度极化。从阻碍膜蒸馏发展的问题入手，简要介绍了膜污染与温度极化及其对膜蒸馏造成的不利影响，综合分析了当前通过构造特殊润湿性表面抵抗膜污染以及利用限域加热降低/消除温度极化的研究现状，并指出当今膜蒸馏膜面临的问题，认为未来对于膜蒸馏膜的研究应从以下几方面开展：1)选用高导热/高光吸收的材料制造有限域加热功能并具有特殊润湿性表面的膜；2)设计能够适应多元污染物进料液的膜蒸馏膜；3)构筑一体化的具有高导热/光吸收性亲水层的Janus膜。

Research status and prospect of seawater desalination membrane distillation membrane

Desalination technology, including thermal and membrane methods, holds great promise as a viable solution to alleviate the scarcity of freshwater resources. The membrane distillation technology, among various membrane separation technologies, exhibits remarkable potential for economic and sustainable freshwater production due to its low energy consumption and exceptional desalination capability. However, the performance of membrane distillation is significantly constrained by membrane fouling and temperature polarization, which severely impedes its large-scale implementation. Consequently, extensive research efforts have been devoted to membrane modification strategies aimed at enhancing fouling resistance and minimizing temperature polarization. Based on this foundation, the present study provides a concise overview of membrane fouling and temperature polarization, elucidating their detrimental impacts on the progress of membrane distillation. The present study provides an analysis of the current research status regarding the mitigation of membrane fouling through the development of specialized wettable surfaces and the reduction of temperature polarization via controlled heating. Furthermore, this work highlights the existing challenges faced by membrane distillation membranes. It is recommended that future research on membrane distillation membranes should focus on the following aspects: 1) Utilizing materials with high thermal conductivity and strong light absorption properties to fabricate membranes with limited field heating functionality and specialized wettable surfaces; 2) Developing a versatile membrane distillation system capable of accommodating feed liquids containing multiple pollutants; 3) Designing an integrated Janus membrane, incorporating a hydrophilic layer with high thermal conductivity and light absorption capabilities.