启蒙的独断与障蔽——从《潘先生在难中》的精神局限说起

启蒙在中国不单单意味着个性意识的觉醒，同时还意味着“国民意识”的觉醒，强调个体对民族、国家所应承担的道德义务。由今观之，对《潘先生在难中》中的潘先生这样的底层市民提出过高的“道德”要求是不道德的。当一个人无力“卫国”的时候，奋力“保家”不仅不应受到批判和谴责，反而应该赢得我们的同情与爱敬。遗憾的是，作者批判的锋芒一直是指向潘先生对妻儿的体贴和呵护。对妻儿的爱与呵护也许算不上什么高贵的情感，但却是一切高贵情感的基础。然而由于“卑谦的利己主义”的主题预设，把潘先生对妻儿的感情以及动荡年代“乱离人”的悲剧给漫画化和喜剧化了。五四新文学中，启蒙正是这样与传统士大夫“感时忧国”的固有传统相结合，从而逐步带上了知识独断论色彩，最终形成对个体苦难与个体命运的障蔽与盲视。

The Arbitrary and Cover-up of Enlightenment

Enlightenment in China means not only the individual awareness,but also the awakening of national consciousness,emphasizing the individual moral obligation to the nation,and the State.It' s immoral to for people living in lower class(just as Mr.Pan the character in the article of Mr.Pan in the Hardships) to meet such a high moral requirement.Unfortunately,most of the author's criticizes was for Mr.Pan's consideration and care to his wife and children.Love and care for his wife and children might not be the ...