黄河上游龙羊峡-青铜峡水电站建设对鱼类资源的影响预测及保护对策

报道了黄河上游龙羊峡-青铜峡河段共有鱼类52种,隶属4目6科30属,其中,青海黄河段有鱼类21种,隶属2目3科12属.甘肃黄河段有鱼类39种,录属4目6科23属.宁夏黄河段有鱼类28种,隶属3目4科22属.黄河上游有国家重点保护鱼类,Ⅱ级2种,国家红色物种名录,濒危(EN)等级4种,易危(VU)等级8种.黄河上游由西向东鳅科鱼类呈递减趋势而鲤科鱼类则呈上升趋势.从黄河上游鱼类的生物学习性归纳了它们基本归属的生态类型:鱼类栖息环境、鱼类食物类型、鱼类洄游及繁殖习性.同时,又依据河流梯级电站开发的实际情况,从生态学的观点阐述了电站建设对鱼类栖息环境、食物类型、繁殖时间、繁殖习性以及洄游等特性的负面影响,指出大坝建设阻隔河流、淹没产卵场、破坏环境以及大量引入外来养殖鱼类,是造成黄河上游鱼类物种多样性严重丧失的主要原因.应从区域着眼认识生态环境特点制定黄河上游保护战略原则;适度减轻开发力度,让河流自然流长增加;着力开展珍稀保护鱼类的繁殖生物学研究,有针对性保护国家重点保护鱼类.

Effective calculation and protected countermeasures of hydropower stations construction to the fish resources from Longyang gorge to Qingtong gorge in huanghe upper reaches

In this paper, 52 species of fish, belonging to 30 genera, 6 families and 4 orders, were recorded from Longyang Gorge to Qingtong Gorge in Huanghe Upper Reaches. Of which, 21 was in Qinghai's Sector, being of 12 genera, 3 families, 2 orders; 39 in Gansu's Sector, of 23 genera, 6 families, 4 orders; 28 in Ningxia's Sector, of 22 genera, 4 families, 3 orders. And in these fishes, 4 species were being of first-ranked national protected wildlife, 2 of the Second-ranked; 8 species belonged to vulnerable rank by the Chinese red species list. From east to west in the Huanghe Upper reaches, the fishes of Cobitidae is showing a tendency to decrease by degrees, and those of Cyprinidae is on the contray. The ecological types of each fish were summed up in Huanghe Upper Reaches according to their biological characteristics: fish living surroundings, food types, spawning and feeding migration, and reproductive feature etc. . And based on the reality of exploitation of chain of hydropower station of the river, in the ecological point of view, negative influence was set forth of aforesaid biological characteristics. The main points of species-diversity serious loss in Huanghe Upper Reaches were considered as big dam construction and culture species excessive introduction, and the former separated the river, inundated spawning places, destroyed fish living surroundings. Some countermeasures were proposed: formulate protected strategies and principles of Huanghe Upper Reaches, on the view of ecological environment's characteristics of the whole region; appropriately reduce exploited strength, to increase the river natural flowing length; devote major efforts to carrying out the researches of productive biology of rare and protected fishes, and be aimed at national protected key fishes.