有机化学中的亲核取代反应

亲核取代反应是有机化学中的一类非常重要的反应，可分为四种类型：①饱和碳原子上的亲核取代反应（SN1和SN2）；②不饱和碳原子（主要是芳环）上的亲核取代反应；③经苯炔中间体的亲核取代反应；④底物为羧酸衍生物（酰卤、酸酐、酯、酰胺）的亲核取代反应。这些亲核取代反应在有机合成上有着极其广泛的应用，但因反应机理的差异性较大，学生学买并掌握起来困难较大。文章拟将上述四种类型的亲核取代反应进行系统分析和比较，找出反应的规律性，以期帮助学生学习之需要。

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions in Organic Chemistry

As a kind of very important organic chemistry reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions are generally di- vided into four types： ①nucleophilic substitution reactions on the saturated carbon atoms（SN1 and SN2）;②nucleophilic substitution reactions on the unsaturated carbon atoms （mainly aromatic ring）; ③nucleophilic substitution reactions through such intermediate as benzyne, ④nucleophilic substitution reactions which substrates are carboxylic derivatives （acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides）. These nucleophilic substitution reactions have an extremely wide range of ap- plications, but due to the differences of reaction mechanisms, we have found it difficult for students to learn and master these reactions. In this paper, we will analyse and compare the four types of nucleophilic substitution reactions systemati- cally and find out their regularities so as to meet the need of students.