施肥对陆地生态系统土壤动物影响的研究述评

土壤动物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,在促进土壤有机质分解、维持土壤肥力方面起着重要作用。笔者研究施肥对土壤动物密度和多样性的影响,以便深入理解施肥对生态系统影响的过程与机制。采用数据整合方法,综合分析了施肥(有机肥、无机肥、有机肥加无机肥和无机肥加秸秆)对土壤动物(蚯蚓、弹尾目、蜱螨目和线虫)密度和多样性的影响。分析认为:①施肥对土壤动物群落结构影响的研究主要集中在农田生态系统,而在森林生态系统中的研究很少; ②不同施肥类型对土壤动物(蚯蚓、弹尾目、蜱螨目和线虫)的密度和多样性有正向、负向或无作用。施用无机肥对土壤动物密度和多样性没有显著影响,施用有机肥增加了蚯蚓、弹尾目密度和土壤动物多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener's index),施用无机肥配施有机肥或者秸秆的影响更为显著。因此,施肥作为农林生态系统重要的管理措施,与单纯施用无机肥相比,施用有机肥更有利于土壤动物的生存,维持土壤生态系统的健康和可持续生产能力。但是,施肥对土壤动物,特别是在森林土壤动物的影响机制方面,还有待深入研究。

Review of the effect of fertilizer application on the soil fauna in soil ecosystems

Soil fauna play important roles in soil processes, e.g., organic matter decomposition, nutrient mineralization, and redistribution. Studies on the effect of fertilizer application on soil fauna community are useful in guiding our understanding about the effect of fertilizer application on the process and mechanisms of soil ecosystems. We used data assimilation to examine the impact of fertilizer application(organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer with organic fertilizer or straw)on the abundance of earthworm, mircroarthropod(Collembola and Acari)and nematode and diversity of soil fauna. Studies of the effect of fertilizer application on soil fauna community were mainly conducted in agricultural ecosystems, but less in forest ecosystems. The effect of fertilizer application generally showed positive, negative, and no significant effects on soil fauna abundance(earthworm, Collembola, Acari and nematode, respectively)and diversity. However, significant effect of organic fertilizer application on the abundance of earthworm and collembola and Shannon-Wiener's index of the soil fauna were found. Fertilizer application is among the most important management practices for agricultural and forest ecosystems. Organic fertilizer is preferable to inorganic fertilizer to increase the abundance of soil fauna while promoting ecosystem productivity. It is necessary to further study the effects of fertilizer application on soil fauna community, especially in forest ecosystems.