上海中心城区河流及水体周边小气候效应分析

选择上海中心城区6处不同类型的城市河流及水体，对其周边环境进行了温度和相对湿度的实地监测.由于水体小气候效应受到诸多因素的影响，本文通过比较各水体不同季节上下风向的温湿特征及人体舒适度效应，初步分析城市河流及水体周边的小气候效应，并探讨其主要影响因素.研究表明：（1）水体面积是影响其小气候效应的重要因素，在不同季节的实测期间，长风公园银锄湖下风向温度比上风向低1～3 ℃，相对湿度高6％～14％.（2）水体周边的建筑物布局影响水体小气候效应，中远两湾城内密集的高层建筑，改变空气自然流动状况，〖JP2〗从而影响附近的苏州河在自然环境状态下应产生的小气候效应.（3）“水绿”复合生态系统有利于河流水体小气候效应的发挥，潍坊公园附近的张家浜两岸具有开阔的绿化空间，在实测期间，上下风向的温差为1.5～2 ℃，湿度差为4～8％，人体舒适度作用较显著.（4）喷泉等人工设施强化了水体的小气候效应，实测期间太平桥绿地人工湖在喷泉开启时比关闭时上下风向温差大0.3 ℃、相对湿度差增加4％.（5）水体在暖热的春夏季比寒冷干燥的冬季具有更加明显的人体舒适度效应.

Analysis of Microclimate Effects around River and Waterbody in Shanghai Urban District

The air temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) are observed for six different types of rivers and water bodies in Shanghai urban district. By comparing temperature-humidity features and human comfort degrees between the windward and leeward shores of these selected water bodies in different seasons, this paper attempts to analyze microclimate effects of urban river and waterbody effects. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The size of water area contributes greatly to microclimate effects. In observing period for several seasons, the T in the lake leeward decreased by 1～3 ℃ and the RH increased by 6％～14％ compared to that in windward shore in Changfeng Park. (2) Building layout around waterbody affects the microclimate in some degree. Dense high buildings in Zhongyuan residential district transform the state of airflow, so a microclimate effect is formed near Suzhou brook. (3) Compound ecosystem composed by water and greenbelt can do well work for a microclimate effect. On condition of open green space near Zhangjiabang brook, the T in leeward shore is lower by 1.5～2 ℃ and the RH is higher by 4～8％ than that in windward shore during observing periods. (4) The artificial facilities such as fountain, can improve the waterbody microclimate effect. Near artificial lake of Taipingqiao greenbelt, the difference of T and RH enlarged respectively by 0.3 ℃ and 4％ when the fountain was working than it closed in the observing day. (5) The effect of human comfort degree displays more significant in warm spring-summer than it in cold and dry winter.