高性能聚合物电纺纳米纤维最新进展

近20年来,静电纺丝技术得到了快速发展和应用; 不同材料的电纺纳米纤维(包括聚合物基、金属基、陶瓷基、碳基及其复合材料等)已在能源、环境、生物医学和国防军工等领域得到了泛应用.通常,静电纺丝技术需将聚合物或聚合物前驱体原料溶解于溶剂中或者加热熔融进行电纺加工.然而,芳杂环高性能聚合物(如聚酰亚胺、芳香聚酰胺、聚苯等)由于其主链上的刚性环状结构,既难溶解于普通有机溶剂,也难加热熔融,没有流动性,故难以通过静电纺技术制备其纳米纤维.为了解决这个难题,研究人员努力探索了许多间接方法和途径来制备电纺高性能聚合物纳米纤维,并取得了突破性进展.如通过电纺前驱体法大规模地制备聚酰亚胺纳米纤维、利用热致重排进行分子转化制备了电纺聚苯并二噁唑纳米纤维、利用模板电纺法制备了聚苯基和聚吡咙基纳米纤维等.该文详细介绍了通过静电纺丝技术制备高性能聚合物纳米纤维的最新进展,具体包括聚酰亚胺、聚苯并咪唑、聚苯撑苯并二噁唑、芳香聚酰胺、聚苯、聚吡咙等芳杂环聚合物纳米纤维.此外,由于聚丙烯腈是制备碳纤维的重要前驱体,也对电纺聚丙烯腈纳米纤维的制备做了简要介绍.

The Recent Progress on High-Performance Polymer Nanofibers by Electrospinning

In the past two decades,electrospinning technique has advanced dramatically and becomes a popular method in preparation of nanofibrous materials.Currently,numerous nanofibers including polymeric,metallic,ceramic,carbonaceous,and composite have been developed for applications in the fields of energy,environmental,biomedical,and defense and military industries.Generally,polymers(or precursors)need to be dissolved in a solvent or melted for electrospinning to produce nanofibers.Aromatic and aromatic heterocyclic polymers(such as polyimide,aromatic polyamide,and poly(p-phenylene))have essential engineering application due to their advantages of high strength,high modulus,and excellent thermal resistance.However,owing to the highly rigid aromatic and/or aromatic heterocyclic structures existed in the macromolecular backbone,most aromatic/aromatic heterocyclic polymers are infusible and insoluble in common organic solvents,making the preparation of nanofibers by electrospinning intractable.Recently,much effort has been made in developing novel methods/strategies to fabricate high-performance aromatic polymer nanofibers.For example,polyimide(PI)nanofibers can be scalably prepared by electrospinning its precursor(polyamic acid)followed by thermal imidization,polybenzoxazole(PBO)nanofibers can be made usingelectrospinning technique followed by thermal treating induced molecular rearrangement,poly(p-phenylene)(PPP)and poly(bis(benzimidazo)benzophenanthroline-dione)(BBB)nanofibers can be fabricated by template polymer-assisted electrospinning.Herein,this review will summarize the recent progress on preparation of various high-performance polymer nanofibers by electrospinning technique; in specific,aromatic/aromatic heterocyclic polymers including polyimide(PI),polybenzoxazole(PBO),polybenzimidazole(PBI),aromatic polyamide(Aramid),poly(p-phenylene)(PPP),and poly(bis(benzimidazo)benzophenanthroline-dione)(BBB)will be introduced.In addition,polyacrylonitrile(PAN),as the important precursor polymer in producing carbon nanofibers,will also be highlighted.