论张九龄的“尚直”精神与中国古代的言谏制度

唐代名相张九龄以“尚直”品质而享誉世人。其“尚直”品质的形成，一方面是他作为一个典型的儒家知识分子对儒家“忠义”价值观的自觉践行，另一方面也与其谏官出身有关，从一定意义上说，中国古代的言谏制度与谏官职责强化了张九龄的“尚直”品质。然而，言谏制度只是封建专制之下士大夫对皇权的一种有限监督，有着无法克服的弊病，张九龄最后因“尚直”被贬，也恰恰折射出这一制度的缺陷。

On Zhang Jiuling''s ''Upright Spirit'' and the Remonstrance System of Ancient China

Zhang Jiu-ling, a famous prime minister in Tang Dynasty of ancient China, who had been well- known with the upright spirit in history. There are two facts caused the spirit： one is that, as a typical Confucian scholar, he always eonscietionsly acted on the Confucianism values： loyal and righteous; the another is his status that he was a remonstrance minister. From one point we can say, the remonstrance system of ancient China and the remonstrance minister＇ s duty made the spirite strengthen. But, as one kind of the social institutions in feudal society and in which the Emperor can be admonished limitedly by his ministers, the remonstrance system can＇t get rid of its evils. In the end, Zhang Jiu-ling was banished by his upright and this just refraeted the imperfection of this system.