生态足迹、城市化与循环经济——以上海市为例

生态经济学家认为,经济系统是生物圈生态经济系统(环境系统)的一个子系统;环境承载力是人类可安全施加给环境的最大“荷载”量,其关键问题是某一特定数量的人口需要多大面积的生产性土地来支撑．城市是人类消费物质、能源最强烈的节点和全球生态系统压力最大的“生态黑洞”和“熵黑洞”,城市自身无法实现可持续,但城市可持续发展在全球可持续发展中扮演着极其重要的角色．生态足迹概念模型从人类需求占用角度为评估人类对环境系统的承载压力及环境可持续状态提供了较好的测量方法．通过上海城乡居民生活消费生态足迹的计算及变化分析,运用生态足迹分析方法讨论了城市化及生态退化的关系,分析了生态足迹贸易对环境的作用,指出了城市对可持续发展进程的重要地位．当前的城市化必须摒弃过度扩张的发展模式;杜绝奢侈消费,重新考虑现行经济增长政策的隐性成本;开展清洁生产,充分综合利用好现有资源,发展循环经济,降低城市人均生态足迹及对其支撑区域的生态压力,建设生态城市．

Ecological footprint, urbanization and circular economy--taking Shanghai as a case of study

Eco-economists measure the carrying capacity of environment not by the maximum amount but rather by the maximum "load" that can safely be imposed on the environment by human beings. As the most intense node of energy and material consumption, cities are causally linked to accelerating global ecological decline. Though unsustainble by themselves, the cities and their inhabitants can play a major role in helping to achieve global sustainability. Based on the theory of ecological footprint and by statistic data, the ecosystem occupation of urban - rural residents' living consumption in Shanghai was calculated. Emphasis was laid on exploring the relationship between environment degradation and urbanization and the impact of ecological footprint trade on environment. Last, some suggestions to help decreasing the ecological footprint and protecting the ecosystem were given. The urbanization of cities such as Shanghai should move along the path of developing circular economy and constucting ecological community.