日常会话中的话轮替换系统(英)

史蒂芬C．莱文森在他的《语用学》一书中把会话定义为：“两个或两个以上的人进行自由交流的一种谈话方式，一般不包括这样一些特殊的场合，象宗教仪式、法庭、教室以及类似的环境”．会话是说话人在共同的环境下为了一定的目的而进行交流的一种形式．不难理解为什么人们把会话看成一种语用现象，因为会话是语言使用的原型方式，也是我们每个人最初接触语言的形式——语言习得的发源地．最基本、最普通的会话是两个或两个以上的人之间的相互沟通．会话是基本的，因为语言使用的摇篮是孩子与父母间会话的话轮相互交替；会话又是普遍的，它是人类社会共融的规范形式．话轮替换系统是会话最显著的特征之一．Sacks，Schegloff和Jefferson提出了话轮替换系统的最简单的规则．这一规则确定一次只有一个人说话．会话中常出现沉默、中断、失误及重叠现象．话轮替换规则确定了话轮在韵律上和句法上的完成与否，它给语言结构提出了更高的要求．

Turn-Taking System in Everyday Conversation

In his 'Pragmatics' Stephen C. Levinson defined Conversation as 'the predominant kind of talk in which two or more participants freely aternate in speaking,which generally occurs outside specific institutional settings like religious services,law courts, classrooms and the the'. Conversation is a speech in which speakers interact in a shared spatio-temperal environment for some purpose. It is not haal to see why one should look to conversation for insight into pragmatic phenomena, for conversation is clearly the prototypical kind of language usage,the form in which we are all first exposed to language-the matrix for langUage acquisition. The most primordial and universal setting for speech is convmetional free interactopn beteem two or more interlocutors. Conversation is primordial because the cradle of all language use is the convcational turn-taking child and parent.Conversation is also trivelsal, it is the canonical setting for speech in all human societies.Turn-taking is one of the mest obvious characteristics of conversation. The simplest system for the organization of turn-taking was proposed by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferon. It guarantees that at most one speaker talks at a time. Chnversations can contain moments of silence, gap, lapse, and overlap. The turn-taking system directly motivatri the prosodic and syntactic signaling of the-completion and imcompletion . Itprovides more specific demands on linguistic structures.