试论梅山教的形成及其与道教的关系

梅山教是我国南方少数民族中最具有影响的民族宗教。它经历了原始部落宗教、民族宗教和跨民族性宗教三个阶段。作为一种民族宗教，它正式创立于唐末五代，而作为一种跨民族性宗教即完成于元末明初。梅山教是由瑶族所创立，由我国西南众多少数民族共同信仰的一种独立的民族宗教，并不是道教的一个流派。瑶族老人尤其是梅山师公死后，其亡灵都要回归梅山就是梅山教作为独立的民族宗教的最主要证据。但由于两宋以后，随着族群的迁徙与文化的融合，道教凭借着政权的力量进入梅山文化地区，一部分汉族道教移民转而改信梅山教，并进而将道教的神祗和道教的教理教义植入梅山教之中，从而使梅山教具有了浓重的道教文化色彩。

The Formation of Meishanism and Its Relationship with Taoism

Meishanism is one of the most influencing national religions among the south national minorities in our country. It went through three stages,that is, from primitive tribe religion to national religion and transnational re- ligion. As a national religion,it was created in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties ;while as a transnational religion,it was completed in the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty. Meishanism was an independent na- tional religion,not a genre of Taoism,which was founded by the Yao nationality and believed in by many minorities in the southwest of China. According to Meishanism,the soul of the deceased old men in Yao nationality,especially of Shigong, should be brought back to Meishan,which was considered as a main evidence of an independent national religion. But with the migration of the people and the integration of their cultures after two Song Dynasties, Taoism entered into the Meishan religion areas with the help of political power. Some of the Han nationalities ,who were the immigrants believing in Taoism,transferred to Meishanism and implanted the gods, dogmatas and doctrines of Taoism into that of Meshanism,making the Meishanism a strong Taonism culture.