晚明文官群体与宦官群体关系析探——以袁崇焕交结魏忠贤的史事为个案

袁崇焕交结魏忠贤的初始时间不迟于天启五年(1625)。两者交结的中介为魏忠贤的同乡兼亲信、袁崇焕的莫逆之交阎鸣泰。袁崇焕交结魏忠贤之后,出任辽东巡抚,在边务问题上得到魏忠贤诸多支持。此后,袁崇焕派遣喇嘛往后金试探议和,宁锦之战中也未能有效援救锦州,魏忠贤令言官弹劾袁崇焕,致使他去职归里。不久,崇祯帝登极,魏忠贤失势,袁崇焕与东林诸臣一道被起复。袁崇焕的座师韩爌是当时威望最隆的东林党魁,在东林诸臣的奥援下,袁崇焕很快被委以督师之命,并免祸于"逆案"。晚明司礼监权渐重而内阁权渐轻,文官群体同宦官群体既竞争又勾结。袁崇焕的个案正是明末文官群体同宦官群体这一复杂关系的缩影。

The Relationship between Eunuch Group and Civil Group in the Late Ming Dynasty:Taking the Historical Event of Yuan Chonghuanˊs Association with Wei Zhongxian as a Case

Yuan Chonghuan had made friend with Wei Zhongxian before the year of 1628. Yuan's good friend Yan Mingtai was also Wei's townsman and crony. After Yuan's association with Wei,Yuan was appointed as the governor of Liaodong. Wei also helped Yuan a lot to deal with Liaodongs' issues. Then Yuan Chonghuan sent Lama for peace talks with the Late Jin and failed to effectively rescue Jinzhou in the battle. And Wei mandated supervisors to impeach Yuan for his dereliction,which caused him to return to his home in Guangdong. However,the Ming Dynasty met with a new emperor Chong Zhen soon after the emperor,Tian Qi 's death. After that,Wei Zhongxian was killed,and Yuan came to power again together with other Donglin officers. Han Kuang,the most prestigious Donglin officer,then was Yuan's teacher. Therefore,under the assistance of Donglin officers,Yuan was soon appointed as Governor Division in Liaodong and was forgiven for his association with Wei. The Silijian's power became more important gradually and the Cabinet became unimportant in the late Ming Dynasty. Therefore,there was more competition and collusion between the eunuch group and civilian group. Yuan's association with Wei is just a case of this phenomenon.