药用蜘蛛养殖技术研究

本文介绍了蜘蛛的药用价值与生物学特性,详细分析了蜘蛛的人工养殖及饲养管理技术,还对蜘蛛的疾病防治及蜘蛛的采收与加工做了深入的讨论。     

Orb‐web spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae; Orbiculariae) captured by hunting‐wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in an area of Atlantic Forest in south‐eastern Brazil

Members of two hunting‐wasp families, Pompilidae and Sphecidae, are among the major predators of orb‐web spiders. In this study, we collected paralysed spiders from natural nests and trap‐nests provisioned by sphecids in an area of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and compared these data with the composition of species collected by visual searching during one year. Prey preferences were analysed based on the relative abundance of spider species, their size and web characteristics. We also compiled a list of orb‐weavers captured by four sphecid genera reported in 40 other studies. A large number of prey was obtained from natural nests of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albonigrum in Parque Estadual Intervales, especially species of Eustala, Parawixia, and Araneus (Araneidae). Other prey, stored in trap‐nests by T. lactitarse and unidentified hunting‐wasp species, included Nephila (Tetragnathidae), Parawixia, Ocrepeira, Mecynogea, Acacesia (Araneidae), and other spider species that were less abundant. All the species that were heavily preyed upon had a relatively lower abundance in our samples of prey availability. The range of body sizes of spiders captured by Trypoxylon in our study area include the size of some abundant orb‐weavers always absent in their nests. These results indicate that factors other than abundance in the field and the spider's size influence prey selection or susceptibility to attack.     

On the northernmost Ajmonia Caporiacco, 1934 (Aranei: Dictynidae: Dictyninae)

Ontogeny of loss of gastronotal setae in Arthrodamaeus reticulatus (Berlese, 1910), Gymnodamaeus bicostatus (C.L. Koch, 1836) and Jacotella neonominata Subías, 2004 Subías, LS. 2004. Listado sistemático, sinonímico y biogeográfico de los Ácaros Oribátidos (Acariformes, Oribatida) del mundo (1748-2002). Graellsia., 60: 3–305. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] was investigated. From the larval setation, the protonymph of these species loses three pairs of d-series and two pairs of l-series; these losses continue through subsequent nymphal stages and adult. Between tritonymph and adult, setae of h-series are subject to loss; A. reticulatus loses none, G. bicostatus loses one pair (h ₃) and J. neonominata loses two pairs (h ₂ and h ₃). The nymphs of these species bear the gastronotic exuviae of previous instars, but they differ in the appearance of the exuviae, the manner of their connection with the gastronotum, and the shape of setae c ₃ and lp, which in some species helps secure the exuviae to the body. Other aspects of ontogeny of these species are described and illustrated for the first time, and morphological characters that distinguish Arthrodamaeus, Gymnodamaeus and Jacotella are discussed.     

The effects of forest fragmentation on the population ecology and natural history of a funnel-web spider

Habitat fragmentation strongly affects the abundance, distribution, body size and population genetics of invertebrates. Urban growth in Brazil has led to severe fragmentation, especially in the Atlantic Forest and savannas. The effects of this fragmentation on the common funnel-web spider Aglaoctenus lagotis were examined in two forest fragments within the interior savanna: a smaller fragment within an urban environment and a larger fragment within a rural environment. The reproductive period occurred in October, coinciding with the beginning of the rainy season, when the species was aggregated in the two forest fragments. The smaller fragment contained a larger population, and the spiders had a larger average prosoma size and web area. The presence of a larger population in a smaller area within the urban centre may reflect a limited dispersal ability, reduced predator abundance or low interspecific competition. The larger prosoma length and web area in the smaller habitat fragment suggest greater resource availability and a higher probability of capturing prey in the urban environment. In both areas, a larger number of capture threads was positively correlated with the presence of inquiline spiders in the webs. The genetic data indicate close similarity between and within the two areas, indicating that the species has low genetic variability or that the areas studied, consistent with their proximity, have separated only recently. Most savannas and forests in midwestern Brazil have recently undergone severe fragmentation, and further studies of this nature are needed.     

南靖亚热带雨林美刺亮大蚊栖息

在南靖和溪亚热带雨林中分布有数种大蚊,美刺亮大蚊(Limonia (Euglochina) sp.)是雨林中唯一观察到在圆蛛科蜘蛛网上栖息的大蚊.因此我们对美刺亮大蚊和圆蛛科蜘蛛在蜘蛛网上的同现行为进行了观察研究.借助扫描电镜技术,在比较了其他大蚊、蜘蛛等节肢动物前跗节超微结构的基础上,对美刺亮大蚊栖息于蜘蛛网行为学的形态学机制进行了初步解析.文中也对美刺亮大蚊的聚集行为与雨林温湿度的关系进行了记录.     

浙江省蜘蛛名录增补

１９９２—１９９７年间,国内外专家又记载了浙江省蜘蛛目的种、属、科,共计５８种（含新种和新记录）,分别隶于１８科,１２属。截止于１９９７年,统计本省已有蜘蛛４２５种,４１科,１８０属．     

茂兰喀斯特森林洞穴蜘蛛初步调查

2014年至2017年对茂兰喀斯特森林的5个洞穴进行了蜘蛛标本的采集和调查;共采集到1000余号标本,隶属15科34属45种,常见科为园蛛科、漏斗蛛科和球蛛科,优势种有温室希蛛Achaeranea tepidariorum、阴暗隙蛛Coelotasluctrosus、狩猎巨蟹蛛Heteropodavenatoria、中华镂网蛛Psechrussinensis、山地艾蛛Cyclosa monticola、黑斑盖蛛Neriene nigripectoris等。洞穴蜘蛛群落组成分为有光带、弱光带、黑暗带群落。     

Discussions on the age of the Daohugou fauna—evidence from invertebrates

Volcanic tuff deposits near Daohugou village, Ningcheng County of Inner Mongolia have yielded many wellpreserved fossils. Here we briefly introduce our recent findings of invertebrates from the Daohugou fauna: mainly insects, conchostracans, anostracans, and spiders. The age of the Daohugou fauna is considered to be Middle Jurassic on the basis of an analysis of various invertebrates especially insects and conchostracans, showing strong similarities to the Yanliao fauna of north China and the Karatau fauna of Kazakhstan.     

贵州荔波洞穴蜘蛛初步研究

对荔波的典型喀斯特洞穴的洞穴蜘蛛进行调查研究。2004年6~7月野外调查,对荔波县的玉屏镇、甲良镇、永康、翁昂等地的11个洞穴的进行了调查和标本的采集,对部分环境因子在夏、冬两季的变化分别进行了测量和记录.计算出不同洞穴内蜘蛛的多样性、优势度、相似性和丰富度指数,其中甲良洞物种丰富度指数最高(3.377)、多样性指数最高(1.991)、最大多样性指数最高(2.773),水拔洞均匀度指数最高(0.981)、优势度指数最高(0.348)、其余指数最低。此外,还研究了各光带之间的相似性指数、洞穴面积与蜘蛛种数的关系、真洞穴蜘蛛和非真洞穴蜘蛛步足和体长测量数据的比较等。