论多细胞物种的进化机制

本文对生命史中多细胞物种的形成机制提出了创新性的观点并对此进行论述。该新观点认为:生命进化的本质是各种生命生存效率优化的过程。在此过程中,多细胞物种的产生必然要解决一对矛盾,即单细胞局部利益最大化与多细胞整体利益之间的矛盾。解决这对矛盾是保证多细胞整体生存竞争效率的前提。因此,多细胞物种的进化必然是不断优化整体调控机制过程。调控机制的建立与完善是通过细胞的智能活动完成的。文章对多细胞物种的成种过程进行了逻辑推理,并依此推理过程提出了6个重要的预测,通过列举与这些预测相一致的事实证据来说明笔者该观点的合理性。     

Genetic diversity in the Carabodes marginatus species group (Acarida,Oribatida, Carabodidae) as inferred from allozymes

Ten populations representing four species of the ‘Carabodes marginatus’ group, as C. marginatus, C. affinis, C. quadrangulus and C. montanus from central Italy have been studied for genetic variation at 16 enzymatic loci by electrophoresis. Morphotypes close to C. marginatus but easily distinguishable by the shorter marginal notogastral setae were also included in the analysis to evaluate their systematic status. Carabodes arduinii, a very different species from the ‘coriaceus’ group, was employed as an out-group. Phylogenetic relationships among different species were studied and inferred data demonstrated that cladogenetic events occurred, even though rates of molecular and morphological evolution do not correlate. Morphotypes related to C. marginatus were genetically very close to the type specimens, but a different pattern of allele frequency was observed in sympatric populations of the two setal forms. Possible explanations for this finding are suggested in relation to historical processes. The rate of gene flow among populations of the two morphs was estimated by both Wright's F _st and Slatkin's Nm methods. These two different procedures yielded contradictory results.     

Microstructures and nanostructures of high Andean Penaincisalia lycaenid butterfly scales (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): descriptions and interpretations

The scales of one high Andean eumaeine lycaenid butterfly species with pale dorsal coloration and four species with vivid dorsal colour were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The micro‐ and nanostructures are illustrated, described, measured, and interpreted. The vivid colours in the species are caused by a pepper‐pot nanostructure of Urania‐type scales. This nanostructure is a three‐dimensional lattice within the body of the individual scale. The scales of the non‐vivid orange species are lacking this nanostructure and the surfaces of their scales show high microstructure irregularities. This absence of vivid colour may be correlated with thermal regulation. The irregularity of the scale microstructures suggests a heavy environmental pressure on the populations sampled. Previously unknown structural variations of Urania‐type scales are also described. The existence of closed scale microcell structures, explained as an apomorphic character in the tribe Eumaeini, most probably evolved independently several times. It is hypothesized that scale micro‐ and nanostructure modifications develop syntopically within a population, which in turn can lead to rapid diversification.     

化学浸提法研究中药党参中活性铝的溶出及形态分布

利用KCl,NH4Ac,HCl,NaOH 4种浸提液将中药党参中存在的铝浸提溶出,得到党参中铝的不同形态,采用铬天青S(CAS)分光光度法进行定量测定,得到中药党参中活性铝的形态分布,并对影响铝溶出的若干因子进行了探讨.浸提液中铝的回收率为97.0%～109.3%.     

美东地区罗德河流域地下水中铝形态分布的化学平衡模式计算

美东地区的罗德河流域遭受着严重的酸沉降侵蚀．在酸性条件下,铝从土壤中大量溶解并迁移到水环境中．地表水中升高的铝浓度对鱼类产生毒害,监测地表水和土壤水中的铝形态及浓度变化已成为问题的关键．本文报导了用化学平衡模式计算法分析美东地区罗德河流域地下水中的铝形态分布,获得了有价值的结论