Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

洞庭湖平原稻田蜘蛛群落越冬生态分析

通过系统调查，洞庭湖平原越冬稻田蜘蛛群落共有8科16属21种，其中拟水狼蛛（Pirata subpi-raticus）和食虫沟瘤蛛（Ummeliata insecticeps）为优势种，对稻田蜘蛛的越冬蛛态、赵冬场所及行为进行了较系统的报道，并为稻田蜘蛛的保护提供了一些对策。     

石河子地区棉蚜越冬规律及防治

棉蚜多以孤雌胎生蚜在室内花卉寄主上越冬,冬季窖藏石榴上的棉蚜卵能正常孵化,1月搭起的蔬菜大棚棉蚜末见发生;秋季至冬前,次生寄主棉田棉杆上的有翅孤雌蚜始终保持一定比例,棉田翻田耕后棉杆上棉蚜越冬卵未见存活,而立于地面棉杆上的越冬卵可孵化。下雪丧,原生寄主黄金树上有翅弧雌蚜基本消失,春季原生寄主与次生寄主上棉蚜卵的饱满率及其孵化率均较低。     

蓝藻越冬机理研究进展

在水体富营养化日益加剧的形势下,蓝藻水华的爆发频频发生.在蓝藻的整个生活史中,越冬期是一个非常特殊的时期.藻体避开冬季不利的生长环境沉入底泥越冬,并可能成为来年水华爆发的"种源".所以,对蓝藻越冬机理的研究是非常必要的.这里就越冬期蓝藻的藻细胞形态、藻体毒性及上浮能力,蓝藻对冬季底泥的环境如低温、低光照、低氮高磷的适应性及其与浮游动物种间关系进行综述,并归纳总结了越冬期末藻体的复苏机制,指出目前关于此阶段研究存在的问题,明确未来的研究重点.     

城市中的长耳鸮(Asio otus)越冬行为及食性的研究

本文对保定市区越冬的长耳鸮的数量变动与温度、光照的关系;昼夜的活动行为和食性进行了观察分析。     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) from mexico

Summary North American populations of the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus, have been found to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides. Analytical methods (TLC, GC, and GC/MS) have been developed to isolate, quantitate, and structurally elucidate the alkaloids. Examples of at least two classes of pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been identified, the macrocyclic diesters, senecionine, integerrimine, and seneciphylline, and the monoesters, echinatine, intermedine, and lycopsamine.21 November 1986This work was supported by NSF (Grants BSR-81-19391 and BSR-81-19382), and a Stauffer Chemical Company fellowship. We thank David Hodapp, Mark Stelljes, and Cordula Bruenner for technical help, Dr T.P. Krick, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., USA, for assistance in GC/MS analysis of PAs, and Dr J.A. Edgar, CSIRO, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, for samples of authentic reference compounds.     

暖水性鱼类鱼种越冬技术

暖水性鱼类必须生活在一定水温的水体中才能安全越冬，利用工厂余热、塑料大棚、地热水、小型锅炉等作为暖水性鱼类的越冬方式均为实用有效，同时，在越冬期间，要根据暖水性鱼类的生理生长特点，加强饲养管理和病虫害防治。     

冀东地区越冬菠菜钙镁硫的吸收特性

越冬菠菜(唐山大叶)新鲜茎叶产量在92544kg/hm2水平下,平均每生产1000kg新鲜茎叶,植株需吸收Ca0.848kg,Mg0.561kg,S0.411kg,比例为1.00∶0.66∶0.48;3月2日～4月10日是植株吸收Ca,Mg,S的主要时期,分别占各自总吸收量的72.91%,62.74%,72.65%;收获时,植株吸收的Ca,Mg,S主要贮存在绿叶中。     

稻田与非稻田生境越冬节肢动物群落调查与分析

2008年11月至2009年3月,对清新县双季稻田的冬闲田WF、田埂FR、周围杂草WH以及黑麦草田LL等4种不同生境下的节肢动物越冬群落进行系统调查。结果如下:鉴定出包括昆虫纲8目22科和蛛形纲1目6科共33种节肢动物。其中,植食性昆虫16种,捕食性昆虫4种,寄生性昆虫3种,中性昆虫3种,蜘蛛类7种。闲田和杂草均以蜘蛛类为主要优势种类,而田埂和黑麦草田分别以半翅目和双翅目昆虫为最优势类群。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)和Pielou均匀性指数(J)以田埂的最高,黑麦草田最低;优势度指数(C)以黑麦草田高,田埂最低。杂草地与黑麦草田Jaccard相似性指数(q)最高,而冬闲田与田埂的相似性指数最低。     

青海云杉播种苗越冬试验

青海由于高寒、高海拔地区气温低,风大、干旱、气候变化剧烈,对青海云杉幼苗越冬危害很大。为了保证青海云杉幼苗安全越冬,应采取有效的越冬管理措施。本文通过地膜、苔藓、麦草三种不同覆盖物对青海云杉播种苗进行越冬试验,试验结果表明,三种覆盖物越冬成活率和对照均呈现显著差异。但从经济、材料来源等各方面综合评价,地膜覆盖越冬成本低,成活率高,越冬效果最好,应在群众育苗中得到推广。