The effects of the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing on the forecast of tropical cyclone tracks

The Weather Research and Forecasting model(WRF)is configured for the region of(15°–41°N,105°–135°E),which covers the same area with the MASNUM(Key Lab.Marine ScienceNumerical Modeling,State Oceanic Administration)wave-tide-circulation coupled operational forecast system.Three numerical experiments are implemented to investigate the effects of the real-time forecasted sea surface temperature(SST)and the nonbreaking wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv)on the track forecast of all 33 tropical cyclones(TC)in the model domain area during 2008 and 2011.The first experiment employs NCEP FNL(NCEP final analysis)SST as WRF’s bottom condition as the Control run,which is also the default setup of WRF.The second and third experiments use real-time forecasted SST from the MASNUM forecast system with and without Bv,respectively.The forecasted track results are compared with Japan Meteorological Agency’s best track data.For 24-h forecast,the averaged TC position error of Experiment with Bv is reduced by 9%compared to the Control experiment,while the forecasted track error of Experiment without Bv is reduced by only2%compared to the Control experiment.For the 48-h forecast,the averaged track errors are reduced by 10%and6%with Bv and without Bv compared to the Control experiment,respectively.These results suggest that the real-time forecasted SST can improve the performance of WRF in forecasting TC track,and the Bv plays an important role in reducing the forecast error of TC track.Comparatively,Bv can improve more on the track of stronger TC.     

R1234ze/R32混合工质冷藏集装箱循环性能分析

针对冷藏集装箱制冷机组普通HFCs(氢氟碳化物)存在的不环保、无法直接替代等问题,提出一种新型混合工质DN01(R1234ze/R32的质量比为85:15).建立该工质的热力循环模型,基于Matlab计算平台,调用Refprop物性参数,编制混合工质计算程序,结合国家标准,对新的混合工质进行变工况计算,并与已有的工质R...     

Cubitermes subarquatus termitaries as shelters for soil fauna in African rainforests

Most soil fauna in tropical rainforests require a pre-existing shelter for at least part of their life cycles. Among termites and ants, the most frequently encountered taxa, the availability of appropriate nesting sites is a major factor controlling the multiplication of colonies. Work carried out in five forests in southern Cameroon indicates that termitaries of Cubitermes subarquatus, whether active or abandoned, provide shelter for large numbers of invasive invertebrates, particularly ants and other termite species, and may be a determining factor in the patchy distribution of many taxa. Dissections of 90 termitaries (65 active, 25 abandoned) produced a great diversity of invasive fauna, including 354 ant colonies representing 75 species in 31 genera. Ants occurred in all abandoned termitaries but 6·1% of active termitaries had no ants present. Nevertheless, in total active termitaries sheltered more ant colonies (273) than did abandoned ones (81). Every termitary examined also sheltered founding pairs or incipient colonies of alien termites, but active C. subarquatus termitaries yielded fewer mature colonies of alien termites (56·9%) than did abandoned ones (84%).     

基于三种不同阈值条件下快速增强 热带气旋的统计分析

利用美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)整编的热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料,采用不同的方法,分别定义TC近中心风速24 h变化达到25 kt、30 kt、35 kt为TC快速增强的阈值。统计结果表明:热带风暴和台风是快速增强热带气旋的主要组成部分。TC快速增强概率最高的月份是9月,分别达到了21.7%,22.3,21.9%;TC快速增强概率最高的初始强度是[65 kt,75kt)。在菲律宾以东(12.5"N,130"E)为中心的区域是TC经历快速增强过程的高频率中心。我国的台湾岛和东南沿海附近也是TC经历快速增强区域。     

热带森林不同生长时期的小气候特征

利用西双版纳热带森林生长循环过程不同时期（林窗期、建群期、成熟期）干热季小气候观测资料，探讨了热带森林不同时期森林群落的小气候特征。结果表明，在干热季，不同森林群落的小气候与旷地存在显差异，森林具有显的降温增湿效应。由于不同生长时期森林的生物群落结构不同以及郁闭度和热力性质等的差异，导致不同森林群落的降温增湿作用不尽相同，各小气候要素随时间变化状况也存在差异，这将对不同生长时期森林群落的植物生长、发育等产生影响。     

Finding the host tree species of Notiobia nebrioides Perty (Coleoptera,Carabidae), a member of the seed-feeding guild at fruit falls in Amazonian non-inundated lowland rainforest

Feeding on very small seeds at tree fruit falls is a recently discovered adaptation of ground beetles living in tropical lowland rainforests. A seed-feeding guild of eight species of the genus Notiobia is known from fig fruit falls at a terra firme rainforest near Manaus (Central Amazonia). Only two of these species also reproduce at fig fruit falls. The remaining six species use fig fruit falls as 'stepping-stones' when migrating between the more seasonally restricted fruit falls of their host tree species. Four species are known to feed and reproduce at fruit falls of the Melastomataceae genera Bellucia, Loreya and Miconia. One of the remaining species, N. disparilis is only known from four specimens and the host tree species where it reproduces is still unknown. The sixth species, N. nebrioides, appears in comparatively high numbers at both fig and Melastomataceae fruit falls but does not reproduce there. In this study we looked for its host tree species and found it to be the most abundant carabid beetle at fruit falls of Coussapoa asperifolia (Cecropiaceae) and Vismia guianensis (Clusiaceae) and to reproduce there. Recently, Arndt and Kirmse (in press) found N. nebrioides reproducing at fruit falls of Goupia glabra (Celestraceae) in south Venezuela. So N. nebrioides seems to be the most pronounced generalist among the seed-feeding ground beetles in Amazonian non-inundated lowland rainforests, reproducing at fruit falls of trees belonging to three different families.     

热带气旋移动的数值模拟及其斜压性作用的初步探讨

用一个两层准地转的斜压模式，实施了１９组积分时间等于７ｄ的试验，数值地研究了热带气旋的移动问题。模拟试验清楚地复制出热带气旋逆时针打转蛇行及突然北折转向的异常路径。试验结果表明，在副热带地区，斜压性地热带气旋的移动有重要影响。     

Description,molecular phylogeny,and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

The male, female, pupa and larva of a new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera), Locharcha opportuna Moreira and Becker, are described and illustrated with the aid of optical and scanning electron microscopy. A preliminary analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences including members of related lineages is also provided. The immature stages are associated with galls induced by a species of Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera: Momphidae) on Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae), endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest. Larvae are kleptoparasitic, usurping the gall internal space and thereafter feeding on the internal tissues. By determining the variation in population density of both species and following gall development individually throughout ontogeny under field conditions, we demonstrated that the kleptoparasite completes its life cycle inside galls induced by Palaeomystella, where pupation occurs. The variation in seasonal abundance of the kleptoparasite is tied to that of the cecidogenous species, with their corresponding peaks in density occurring sequentially.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:525F6D52-8CE1-47D1-A0D9-78B564DF5565     

Urban bioclimatology in developing countries

A brief review of the literature on urban human bioclimatology in the tropics is undertaken. Attempts to chart human bioclimatic conditions on the regional/local scale have been made in several developing countries. The effective temperature scheme (with all its limitations) is the one that has been most frequently applied. The possibilities of application of bioclimatic models based on human heat balance for the tropical urban environment are discussed.