Two new species of Bulbamphiascus Lang (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Diosaccidae) from Scotland and the Isles of Scilly,with additional observations on B. denticulatus (Thompson)

Bulbamphiascus incus sp. nov. is described from muddy sediments, high in organics, from below fish cages in salmon farms in two Scottish Lochs. It is characterized by the ornamentation of the urosome, the presence of an anvil‐shaped semi‐hyaline structure on the basis of the male P2 and by the structure of the exopod of the male P5. A form, here given specific status under the name B. scilloniensis sp. nov., is described from St Martin's Island in the Isles of Scilly and is identical to B. incus except for the ornamentation of the urosome in both sexes which is very similar to that found in B. imus. Newly described features of the male of B. denticulatus confirm that this species can only be distinguished from B. imus by the projection at the outer distal corner of the second segment of the antennule in both sexes.     

Biofouling of the high-shore rockpool harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis

The occurrence of microbial epibionts on the exoskeleton of the high-shore rockpool inhabitant Tigriopus brevicornis is described. The major biofoulant is a filamentous bacterium of the genus Leucothrix. Other observed epibionts on the exoskeleton of T. brevicornis include ciliates and diatoms. Harpacticoid copepods have no grooming structures to counteract fouling. Possible effects of these epibionts on the movement and feeding of T. brevicornis are suggested.     

An ecological study of Cueva de los Roques lava tube (Tenerife,Canary Islands)

Several aspects of the ecology of Cueva de los Roques were studied: the survey initiated by other speleologists was completed; the flora at the entrance to the cave was studied; and the fauna of the whole cave was analysed by sampling on two occasions three months apart, using a combination of visual searching and baited trapping. The most striking result was the difference in both physical conditions and biology between the two branches of the cave. Branch A has several entrances and thus appreciable air movements, with the result that it is inhabited only by trogloxenes and a few troglophiles. In contrast, branch B is a blind tube with constant high humidity and stable temperature, here there is a community of troglobites. We have found a total of 27 species of invertebrates; these include nine troglobites, of which seven are already known from other lava tubes on Tenerife. This suggests the occurrence of dispersal through a network of cracks in the subsoil, as in other volcanic and karst regions.     

试论苏格兰启蒙运动

苏格兰启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲启蒙运动的重要一环,它具有与法国启蒙运动不同的背景与特点。苏格兰启蒙运动的代表人物,如大卫.休谟、亚当.斯密等人,同样在西方社会产生了巨大的、深远的历史影响。     

罗马法对苏格兰法的影响

苏格兰是英国的一部分,然而其法律一直被定义为大陆法系,而在现代,苏格兰越来越多地继受英美法的影响,从而又被法学界定义为混合法系。而苏格兰得以保持自己独特的法律传统的重要原因在于:苏格兰法参与了罗马法的继受。不过苏格兰对罗马法的继受仍停留在一般原则的层面,罗马法仍然是作为补救措施而在苏格兰适用的。     

17世纪苏格兰殖民扩张进程与不列颠国家的形成

17世纪是西欧国家进行殖民扩张的时代，拥有悠久的海外移民和经商传统的苏格兰也进行了一系列建立殖民地﹑发展殖民贸易的尝试和努力，但始终受到1603年王位联合后英苏王国关系不睦的消极影响。17世纪后期，苏格兰人在殖民扩张活动中既面临来自欧洲主要海上强国的重重阻力，同时也呈现出巨大的潜力，这成为1707年前苏英双方选择议会合并，组建不列颠国家的重要助推因素。     

1998年《苏格兰法案》中的央地关系及影响述评

1998年《苏格兰法案》将属于中央议会的一部分立法权与行政权下放至地方议会行使，调整了央地关系，深刻影响了《人权法案》的实施，使《人权法案》在苏格兰地区的实施提前了一年，产生了法律适用上的难题；它使法院的司法审查范围延展至苏格兰议会制定的法律，并影响了法院处理人权类案件时的司法解释方法。     

论玛丽·斯图亚特的联姻外交

对中世纪欧洲王室联姻的典型--苏格兰女王玛丽·斯图亚特一生中的三次婚姻进行了描述和分析,指出王室联姻作为一种外交手段得到了最为广泛的应用.玛丽·斯图亚特一生中的三次婚姻都是在尽力与欧洲大陆强国法国或西班牙建立姻亲同盟,企图借助联姻来增强苏格兰的实力以抗衡英格兰.她的联姻对联姻双方以及16世纪下半期的欧洲国际关系都产生了重大影响.     

Hairworms found in Scottish agricultural land,with descriptions of two new species of Gordionus Muller (Nematomorpha: Gordiidae)

Three species of Nematomorpha were found in a survey of the ground beetles of Scottish agricultural land, Gordionus violaceus (Baird) and two undescribed new species, G. linourgos sp. nov. and G. diligens sp. nov. The morphology of all three species is studied with the aid of SEM, and the characteristics of the cuticle and the male terminal lobes described in detail. All species were found to be parasitic in ground beetles of the family Carabidae, in nine different species (Nebria brevicollis (Fabricius), Harpalus latus (Linnaeus), four species of Pterostichus, and three species of Calathus). Gordionus violaceus is also reported to be a parasite of the spider Arctosa alpigena (Lycosidae). Up to four specimens were found in the same host, typically one adult and several juvenile forms. Parasitized hosts had severe alterations of their reproductive, digestive and secretory systems. The three species of Gordionus were mostly found in grasslands and coniferous forest, most abundantly in June and July.     

Seasonal cycles of abundance of the flora and fauna associated with Cladophora albida (Huds.) Kütz in rockpools

Seasonal data for one year on the flora and fauna associated with Cladophora albida (Huds.) Kütz from four rockpools (3 high-shore, 1 mid-shore) on Great Cumbrae Island, Firth of Clyde, Scotland are presented. A total of 131 858 animals was censussed. The mid-shore pool had a significantly lower annual mean density than the high-shore pools. Only at the most exposed site was a distinct seasonal trend apparent (lowest faunal density in spring, highest in summer). Species number showed no marked seasonal fluctuations neither did equitability. The lowest diversity was found in the mid-shore pool. Epiphytic cyanobacteria were present throughout the year. Diatoms were absent in the summer; possibly because of intense grazing by meiofaunal herbivores. The reduction in overall faunal density in the mid-shore pool was caused by the absence of large numbers of nematodes at this site related to the reduced availability of detritus and sand grains, perhaps reflecting greater wave scouring at this level on the shore. Large meiofaunal populations overwinter successfully in Cladophora in these ice-free latitudes and sheltered waters. Nematodes and harpacticoid copepods dominate the fauna of Cladophora in these permanent pools. Even populations in high-shore situations are remarkably stable. The rhombognathid mites, the polychaetes Fabricia sabella and Janua pagenstecheri and the chironomid larvae all showed little or no seasonal fluctuations in numbers, though most harpacticoid copepods, ostracods, turbellarians and archiannelids had very definite population maxima. Cladophora also acts as a nursery ground for species whose adults live elsewhere on rocky shores.