Analysis of components of conserved “backbone sequences”among genomes of Shigella spp. strains

Difference in the genomic compositions of prokaryotes is the basis of the diversity in their biological characters. However, besides their flora-or strain-specific genes,those floras with closer relationship in the evolution also have conserved “backbone sequences”, which reveal the marks of their origin and evolution, and these “backbone sequences”are just the basis of their elementary living abilities and common biological properties. Shigella is very closely related to E. coli in the origin and evolution, and may turn out to belong to the same genus. In this study, a microarray containing E. coli K-12 whole genome and Sf301 specific ORFs is used to investigate the genomic components of four Shigella strains. The results indicate that 16%-22% K-12 ORFs sequences are not detected in the genome of Shigella strains while the genome of Shigella contains at least 2800 conserved ORFs, which compose the common “backbone sequences”.Advanced analysis indicated that the “backbone sequences”are the essential components in maintaining the normal physiological activities of intestinal bacteria. Furthermore,only 20% Sf301-specific ORFs exist in other strains simultaneously, which demonstrate the great genome heterogeneity and the genetic diversity among the strains.     

基于SNP分子标记的华东地区松材线虫种群遗传分化研究

【目的】华东地区的苏浙皖鲁是中国松材线虫病发生最早的4个省区,华东地区也是松材线虫最适生长区,研究该区域松材线虫种群的遗传分化情况,可为建立我国松材线虫病的疫源追溯体系提供重要的基础信息。【方法】收集华东地区安徽(AH)、福建(FJ)、江苏(JS)、江西(JX)、山东(SD)和浙江(ZJ)6个省份的60个县级行政区松材线虫病疫木样本,经过分离纯化获得虫株,提取虫株DNA并进行高通量全基因组重测序,运用生物信息学软件分析各区域松材线虫虫株的SNP位点数量和种类,依此遗传标记采用聚类分析方法比较各区域不同虫株间的遗传分化情况,后采用Treemix分析群体间的基因渗入路线。【结果】共分离收集到华东地区松材线虫虫株67个,对所有虫株进行全基因组测序。经序列比对分析,67个虫株中共有SNP基因型12种,其中A→G、C→G、C→T、G→A、G→C、T→C这6种基因型出现的频率明显高于其他6种基因型。从67个虫株中共获得6 531 684个SNP位点,不同虫株间的SNP位点数量存在差异。不同地理区域松材线虫的SNP总数、纯合子数量、缺失SNP数量以及特有SNP数量在省际均未表现显著差异,与入侵时间也无特别显著的相关性。主成分分析结果表明,67个虫株可以分为3个类群,各类群与地理来源存在着一定的相关性。大多数虫株属于类群1,它包括了所有的浙江虫株和江西虫株,以及其他4个省份的大多数虫株;类群2涉及江苏、安徽、山东和福建的14个虫株;类群3仅涉及安徽、福建和山东的7个虫株。通过Treemix检测得到2条基因迁移路线,分别为类群2的江苏(2-JS)向类群1的安徽(1-AH)迁移、类群3的山东(3-SD)向类群2的安徽(2-AH)迁移。【结论】华东地区松材线虫虫株存在较为丰富的SNP位点,不同虫株间SNP特征存在较大差异,SNP多样性变化与入侵时间没有呈现明显规律性。总体上华东地区松材线虫虫株可以分为3个类群,不同类群与地理区域间呈现一定的相关性,在1-AH和2-AH所在区域可能存在被其他区域的其他类群虫株再次入侵的情况。     

基于全基因组序列的核桃细菌性黑斑病菌分泌蛋白的预测及特征分析

【目的】充分了解核桃黑斑病菌的侵染机制。【方法】以全基因组序列已经公布的7个核桃细菌性黑斑病菌菌株CFBP2528、CFBP7179、CFBP8253、DW3F3、J303、NCPPB1447、Xaj417等所具有的蛋白序列为预测数据,基于分泌蛋白所具有的主要特征,利用SignalP v4.1、ProtCompB v9.0、TMHMM v2.0、big-PI Fungal predictor、TargetP v1.1、LipoP v1.0等在线分析程序对分泌蛋白进行预测,同时分析其氨基酸组成及分布、信号肽长度、信号肽切割位点等特征。【结果】核桃细菌性黑斑病菌的分泌蛋白平均为74个,其氨基酸长度多集中于101～400氨基酸,所占比例为63.65%。信号肽氨基酸残基中以A最多,所占比例为22.04%; 其次是L,所占比例为19.27%。信号肽长度以19～29个氨基酸的最多,所占比例为79.62%,信号肽切割位点属于A-X-A类型。【结论】核桃细菌性黑斑病菌中分泌蛋白的有效预测,可为深入解析核桃细菌性黑斑病菌中分泌蛋白在侵染过程中所发挥的功能提供理论依据。     

SPL家族基因复制及功能分化分析

【目的】基因复制及随后的功能分化是基因组和物种演化的重要驱动力。植物特有的转录因子家族SPL(SQUAMOSA-promoter binding protein like)广泛参与调控植物生长发育及响应逆境胁迫,为研究重复基因的起源方式和进化命运提供了良好的研究系统。本研究对葡萄(Vitis vinifera)、番木瓜(Carica papaya)、毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa)和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)4种模式植物的SPL基因家族开展基因复制及功能分化分析,为进一步研究SPL基因功能、预测种属特异性的功能基因提供系统进化角度的参考。【方法】利用SBP特征结构域,鉴定葡萄、番木瓜、毛果杨和拟南芥4种模式植物中SPL基因家族成员,并利用最大似然法构建系统进化树。基于物种内、物种间基因组共线性,分析SPL基因家族发生基因复制的方式及差异保留情况,并计算保留的SPL直系和旁系同源基因的同义、非同义替换率,分析功能分化情况。【结果】在4种模式植物中共鉴定出SPL基因73个,其中42个是miR156的靶基因。系统进化分析显示:73个SPL基因聚类为9个主要分支,miR156靶向SPL基因成簇聚集在6个主要分支;Clade I中SPL基因编码的2个锌指结构基序为C4和C₂HC,而其余8个分支中SPL基因的锌指结构基序由C3H和C₂HC组成。大规模基因组复制事件(片段复制或全基因组复制)是SPL基因家族发生基因重复的主要方式。根据基因组复制事件推算,15个古基因位点理论上应复制出的360个位点中,83.6%的重复位点发生丢失或演化成非SPL基因。本研究鉴定出旁系同源基因17对,直系同源基因27对,且所有旁系和直系同源基因的K_a/K_s(非同义替换率和同义替换率之比)值均小于1。【结论】在不同物种中保留下来的SPL直系同源基因受到较强的纯化选择,在功能上具有保守性;同一物种中保留下来的SPL旁系同源基因在进化过程中维持部分功能冗余,但在组织表达偏好性和蛋白功能上已呈现出不同形式的分化。     

Genome-wide association study to identify SNPs conferring risk of myocardial infarction and their functional analyses

Myocardial infarction might result from the interactions of multiple genetic and environmental factors, none of which can cause disease solely by each of themselves. Although molecular biological studies revealed that a number of proteins are possibly involved in its pathogenesis, little, if any genetic findings have been reported so far. To reveal genetic backgrounds of myocardial infarction, we performed a large-scale, case-control association study using 92,788 gene-based single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We have identified functional SNPs within the lymphotoxin-α gene (LTA) located on chromosome 6p21 that conferred susceptibility to myocardial infarction. Furthermore, we could identify galectin-2 protein as a binding partner of LTA protein. The association study further revealed that a functional SNP in LGALS2 encoding galectin-2, which led to altered secretion of LTA, also indicated a risk of myocardial infarction. A combined strategy of genetic and molecularcellular biological approaches may be useful in clarifying pathogenesis of common diseases.Received 7 March 2005; received after revision 22 April 2005; accepted 25 April 2005     

Analysis of components of conserved “backbone sequences” among genomes of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Shigella</Emphasis> spp. strains

Difference in the genomic compositions of prokaryotes is the basis of the diversity in their biological characters. However, besides their flora- or strain-specific genes, those floras with closer relationship in the evolution also have conserved “backbone sequences”, which reveal the marks of their origin and evolution, and these “backbone sequences” are just the basis of their elementary living abilities and common biological properties. Shigella is very closely related to E. coli in the origin and evolution, and may turn out to belong to the same genus. In this study, a microarray containing E. coli K-12 whole genome and SG01 specific ORFs is used to investigate the genomic components of four Shigella strains. The results indicate that 16%–22% K-12 ORFs sequences are not detected in the genome of Shigella strains while the genome of Shigella contains at least 2800 conserved ORFs, which compose the common “backbone sequences”. Advanced analysis indicated that the “backbone sequences” are the essential components in maintaining the normal physiological activities of intestinal bacteria. Furthermore, only 20% SGO1-specific ORFs exist in other strains simultaneously, which demonstrate the great genome heterogeneity and the genetic diversity among the strains. the first two authours made equal contribution to this work.