Developmental modes of the Neoproterozoic-Lower Paleozoic marine hydrocarbon source rocks in China

Based on the researches on rock type, the mode of occurrence, diagnostic minerals and creatures, the sedimentary geochemistry and organic facies of Chinese marine source rocks from wells and outcrops, and on the research findings of developmental modes of foreign marine source rock, the authors consider that it is impossible to objectively make clear the formation mechanism of hydrocarbon source rock with high organic matter abundance by either single mode of preservation or high organic matter productivity. According to the Chinese geological features, the formation mechanism of the Neoproterozoic-Lower Paleozoic marine source rock is generalized into four modes, namely, thermal water activity-upwelling flow-anoxic; carbonate gentle slope-upwelling flow; xerothermic climate-brine euxinic milieu; and humid climate-retained euxinic milieu; as the Lower Cambrian undercompensation basin organic facies （the Tarim Basin, South China and southwestern margin of North China）, carbonate gentle lime mud bound organic facies （the Upper Ordovician in Tazhong region of the Tarim Basin and the Lower Silurian in the Upper Yangtze Platform）, the Middle Cambrian evaporation laggon organic facies （the Tarim Basin and the Upper Yangtze Platform）, enclosed undercompensation terrigenous bay organic facies （the Middle-Upper Ordovician in the west of the Tarim Basin, the Lower Silurian Long- maxi Formation in the Upper Yangtze platform）. Chinese marine sedimentations with lower organic matter abundance are generalized into two modes of consumption-dilution mode of open epicontinental sea and depletion-dilution mode of supercompensation basin.     

下扬子五峰组上升流相烃源岩沉积特征

五峰组层状含放射虫硅质类地层是下扬子地区所发育的区域性优质烃源岩之一,为前陆挠折滞流盆地边缘斜坡上升流沉积产物。受上升流强度和阵发周期频率的控制,形成了多个厚度呈周期性变化、硅质生物组成略有不同的硅质岩和硅质页岩互层韵律沉积。五峰组沉积时期,水体缺氧程度高,有机质组成以无定形为优势,原始生烃潜力高,低等藻类和其它浮游生物是其主要生源。受上升流影响,硅质岩和硅质页岩沉积时期有机质的保护机制存在差异,有机质富集程度主要与粘土矿物对有机质较强的吸附和保护能力以及氧化硅矿物转化过程中有机质的损失相关。     

闽浙沿岸上升流及其季节变化的数值研究

采用三维斜压非线性数值模式ECOMSED,同时考虑地形、边界流(台湾暖流、黑潮和长江冲淡水)、热通量及QuikSCAT风场等动力因子,对闽浙沿岸上升流及其季节变化进行了数值研究.结果表明,闽浙沿岸一年四季均有上升流存在,且上升流中心及上升流强度有明显的季节变化特征.其中,浙江沿岸舟山群岛和渔山列岛附近、福建沿岸海坛岛和马祖列岛附近四季均存在较强的上升流中心,上升流强度季节变化特征是"冬弱夏强".冬季上升流强度为10-3cm/s量级,沿岸平均上升流速约为0.3×10-3cm/s;夏季最大上升流速可达0.8×10-2cm/s,沿岸平均上升流速约为0.4×10-2cm/s.     

2008年台风森拉克引起上层海水降温的机制

采用区域海洋模型(regional ocean modeling system,ROMS)模拟了2008-2009年西太平洋的水动力过程,重点关注台湾东侧台风影响的海域,研究2008年13号强台风森拉克引起的上层海水降温机制.通过对模拟结果的分析,认为30m以上海水的降温主要是扩散作用即夹卷效应造成,而30m以下海水的降温主要由垂向对流即上升流造成.海水从下层50～800m的深度处辐聚上升,在表层50m以浅辐散流出.台风过后海水温度逐渐恢复.研究认为:台风会加强海水的垂向湍流/混合,导致最大Ekman泵吸水深下探,使得下层的低温海水更有可能到达表层.     

北部湾环流研究述评

针对北部湾环流的季节变化和琼州海峡水体输送的传统观念,根据近20多年的海流、底质、浮游生物的实地调查资料,对众多的研究结果进行对比和评述。认为:从平均态来说,琼州海峡水体输送全年都是从东向西,冬季多于夏季;冬季北部湾环流是气旋式,夏季,北部湾北部环流是气旋式,南部是反气旋式,其中分界线大致在19°30′N处。北部湾存在多处上升流区域,不计越南沿岸,仅靠近我国大陆,就有广西沿海铁山港和北海的上升流区;海南省西部,从八所—莺歌海的上升流区;海南省南部上升流区。虽然,北部湾环流研究已取得长足进步,但是,还存在许多不足之处,如潮汐余流的研究:未能在充分考虑水体边界、实际风场、真实地形、潮汐余流、密度流等诸多要素情况下,计算出北部湾真实环流。     

吕泗上升流观测和动力机制模拟分析

基于2000年8月长江口外现场观测的分析,首次发现在长江口外吕泗附近存在着上升流现象.该上升流将下层的冷水和营养盐带向上层,对海区的环境和生态具有重 要的影响.为了解该上升流的动力机制,作者利用基于ECOM_si建立的一个水平球面坐标系的高分辨率湍流闭合的三维环流数值模式研究该上升流现象.该模式计算区域包括东海、黄海和渤海,考虑实际岸线和水深.在综合考虑风应力、开边界体积通量和密度梯度力的情况下,模拟结果再现了吕泗海区的上升流现象,与观测结果较为一致.数值试验结果表明,产生该处上升流的动力机制主要是盐淡水混合产生的斜压效应,风应力的作用较弱,边界水体积通量产生的正压效应不起作用.倾斜的底形与斜压效应、风应力的联合作用使吕泗海区的上升流更明显.     

S-wave velocity of the crust around Tianshan Mountains inverted from seismic ambient noise tomography

We process ambient noise data from seismic stations deployed in central Asia to determine the crustal shear wave velocity structure beneath the Tianshan Mountians and surrounding area. About 748 inter-station Rayleigh wave empirical Green’s functions have been recovered to estimate the phase velocity dispersions over periods from 6 to 50 s using the image transformation technique. Results show that for short periods (6–20 s), the distribution of Rayleigh wave phase velocities is generally consistent with surface geology, with high velocities corresponding to mountain ranges and low velocities to sedimentary basins. Along two profiles, which trend from NE-SW and NW-SE, the shear wave velocity shows a pair of high velocity anomalies dipping in opposite directions beneath the Tianshan Mountains. At shallow depths, those high velocity anomalies roughly correlate with areas where the mountain front and the surrounding basin are connected. The profiles also show a narrow zone beneath the Tianshan Mountains, which may represent a route for the upwelling from upper mantle. Those observations suggest that the underthrusting of the Tarim Basin and Kazakh Shield combine with the weakness of the crust, which is heated by the upwelling from upper mantle, may play an important role on the reactivation of the Tianshan Mountains associated with the India-Eurasia collision.     

南京栖霞山大洼中二叠统栖霞组上升流沉积岩相组合类型

通过对南京栖霞山大洼中二叠统栖霞组上升流沉积岩相的观察,将其划分为燧石条带、硅质岩、硅质页岩和泥晶灰岩4种上升流岩相类型;并在剖面上呈有规律组合,共有3种组合形式。该3种岩相组合均属陆棚缓坡相,按水体深度,由浅至深,依次发育,构成了研究区陆棚斜坡沉积体系。缓斜坡带以含燧石条带泥晶生屑灰岩为特征,夹有暗色中薄层石灰岩、泥岩、页岩和硅质岩。     

Mackenzie三角洲风暴相关的海岸水动力现象

针对西北风和东风这2种强风在Mackenzie三角洲开敞水域时期占主导地位的特点,运用SWAN模型对1次西北向风暴过程中的风暴浪进行模拟,并基于实测风、流数据和MODIS数据对2次东风引起的海岸水动力现象进行分析。结果表明:西北向风暴影响水域中上层的波浪和强流,引起明显的波浪增水和波能耗散;东向风暴可以引起从海表到海底的强流,甚至强度较弱的持续东风都可以引起上升流和水体混合;西北风和东风都会使水底的细小泥沙发生运动。