Systems and organizations: Distal and proximal thinking

The paper introduces the contributions to this special issue ofSystems Practice on Systems and Organizations: New Directions in terms ofdistal andproximal thinking. Distal thinking refers to ready-made concepts, to the finished effects and outcomes of thought and action; proximal thinking, to process and event, to the continuous and unfinished. The papers presented here deal with various aspects of the distal/proximal distinction in social systems and organizations, and especially draw out the implications of recent work in information technology, sociology of technology, accounting theory, and organization studies for a proximal conception of systems and organizations.     

Dynamical framework with blocking topography coordinates for atmospheric GCM and its validation

The dynamical framework with Blocking Topography Coordinates (hereafter, BTC), which is suited to handle the steep topography for the atmospheric general circulation models, is presented in this paper, together with its validation results. The integral properties of both the differential and finite-difference equations for the BTC dynamical core are: gross mass conservation, quadratic conservation for advection terms, Coriolis force does not change the kinetic energy, conservation of total available energy. The improved nonlinear iteration scheme is utilized for the time-integration. The energy conservation for BTC dynamical core is validated by using the integration results from 9-layer and 21-layer version respectively. Comparison results show that, the changes of the kinetic energy and total available potential energy during the integration are quite close for both the BTC dynamical framework and the dynamical framework of IAP 9-level and IAP 21-level AGCM, and this may suggest that the BTC dynamical core can be used for long-term integration with good computational stability. Furthermore, the BTC dynamical core has the advantage over the terrain following (sigma) coordinates in its better representation of the influence of the large-scale topography on the atmospheric general circulation. Finally, the correctness and reasonableness of the BTC dynamical core has been further proved by the numerical simulation of the topography influence on the quasi-stationary planetary wave with 21-layer version of BTC dynamical framework.     

数字地形分析系统(DTAS)的设计

本文应用文献[1]和[7]的算法建立DTAS,设计DTAS软件,并应用DTM数据进行试验,获得了多种地形参数,并自动绘制出各种地形条件图。     

复杂地表区波动方程基准面校正方法

在分析波动方程基准面校正原理的基础上,提出了“相移一时移法”波场延拓算法,将相移算子分解为偏移算子、延拓算子和时移算子,并修改了Stolt公式,使得波动方程基准面校正能适应地表起伏剧烈、近地表速度纵横向变化剧烈的复杂地表条件。用编写的软件对复杂地表区的实际资料进行了试算,处理结果表明,用“相移-时移法”进行波动方程基准面校正能很好地消除起伏地表和复杂地表结构对数据的影响,为速度分析和同相叠加奠定良好的基础。     

Numerical simulation of topography effects on the "00.7" severe rainfall in Beijing

In an effort to study the severe rainfall event of 4-5th July 2000 in Beijing (with 24h accumulated precipitation of 240 mm), we perform numerical simulations to investigate this event using the MM5v3.6 model. The model is initialized with the MM5/WRF 3DVAR analysis, which incorporates the ground-based GPS precipitable water vapor, automatic and conventional meteorological observations in its assimilation step. For 24 h accumulated precipitation forecast, the threat scores are 0.72, 0.76, 0.67 and 0.63, for thresholds of 1, 5, 10, and 20 mm, respectively. Holding other factors unchanged, sensitivity experiments were conducted with different topographic resolutions of 110, 50 and 3.7 km to investigate the topographic effects on precipitation over the Beijing area. In these sensitivity experiments, we attempt to preserve the realistic orographic distribution in the model topography under the condition of keeping the dynamic-thermodynamic consistency of the initial model atmosphere to the extent possible. Results indicate that the unique topographic distribution and variations in the Beijing area play an important role in determining the location, distribution and intensity of heavy precipitation.     

梯形堤坝对电测深ρ_s曲线的影响

研究了物理模拟和堤坝隐患探测中不同类型的梯形地形对电测深ｐｓ曲线的影响以及对电测深ｐｓ曲线解释结果的影响程度，可为正确评价堤坝隐患提供可靠依据。     

北黄海大鹿岛附近海域海洋牧场本底地质环境分析

为推进北黄海北部特色滩涂型海洋牧场建设,本研究对北黄海大鹿岛附近海域海洋牧场本底地质环境开展调查评估,利用高分辨率声学探测设备获取研究海域的精密水深数据和浅地层剖面数据;利用现场和实验室结合的方法测定海水理化参数;利用筛析法、激光粒度仪测试方法确定沉积物类型和粒度特征,最终通过分析研究区海底地形地貌、海水水质状况和沉积物分布特征对本底地质环境进行评估。结果显示：目标海域测量水深为1-29 m,平均水深为16 m,海底地形整体表现为平缓的近岸缓坡,地貌以水下侵蚀堆积地貌为主;海底浅地层剖面中U1声学地层清晰连续,全区可追踪,厚度约6 m且变化不大;海水水质良好,主要处于Ⅱ类海水水质标准;表层沉积物类型均为砂,沉积物组分变化不大,砂组分占绝对优势,表层沉积物空间分布主要与沉积物物源条件及辽南沿岸流、海域潮流等因素有关。综合分析认为,北黄海大鹿岛附近海域水深适宜,地形较为平坦,水质环境良好,以砂质浅滩沉积为主,适于滩涂型海洋牧场的构建。     

A 3D evaluation method of cutting surface topography of carbon/carbon （C/C） composite

<正> This paper aims to establish a 3D evaluation method for cutting surface topography of C/C composites.The cutting surface is measured by Talyscan 150,using 3D non-contact measurement.By evaluating2D and 3D roughness of C/C composite and Duralumin,the 2D evaluation method of the cutting surfacetopography of C/C composite loses a lot of information,and the characteristics of the surface topographyof C/C composite can be comprehensively and authentically evaluated only by the 3D evaluation method.Furthermore,3D amplitude and spatial parameters are adopted to evaluate the surface and the resultsshow that:the topography of the C/C composite is anisotropy and there are no obvious feeding texturesbut abrupt peaks and valleys on surface of the C/C composite,which indicates that the machining mechanismis different from that of the metal.In conclusion,The C/C composite surface is evaluated using a3D evaluation method,the roughness error is small,and the unique topography characteristics can be authenticallyevaluated.